not contradict other narrations, such as the ḥadith of ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab—may Allah be pleased with him—“Actions are only by their intentions, and each person shall have only what he intended.” 1 In this report singularity occurs in three successive layers of the chain, yet it is still sound, because a trustworthy narrator relates it from a trustworthy narrator who relates it from a trustworthy narrator. Such a report is called fard (singular) and is also described as gharīb (isolated).
- The second type is that which is restricted to a group. By “group” the author means the inhabitants of a particular land, village, tribe, and the like. If, among all the scholars of that place, only one person transmits the ḥadith—for example, it is said, “So-and-so alone narrated this report from the people of Syria,” or “So-and-so alone narrated it from the people of the Hijaz”—then the report is singular, but not in an absolute sense; its singularity is confined to that locality, for only one of the ḥadith scholars of that land relates it.
Suppose, for instance, that there are a thousand ḥadith scholars in Syria, yet only one of them transmits this particular report, and no one else does. We would say that it is a singular report, but is it absolutely singular? Rather, it is relatively singular—relative, that is, to the scholars of Syria.
There is another sense to a report that is “restricted to a group”: that the people of a given land alone transmit it from a certain shaykh, so one might say, “The Syrians alone narrated it from So-and-so.”
- As for the phrase “or when it is limited to a single recension,” this means that one says, for example, “No one has transmitted this ḥadith with this precise wording except So-and-so.” In other words, with this particular meaning only one person relates it from a certain narrator, so the restriction lies solely in this recension, whereas the ḥadith itself is well known through other chains and has many routes of transmission.
The author divided the category of al-fard in this way to make clear that a singular report may be