—ideally on fresh dates; if they are not available, then on dried dates, and if even those are lacking, on water—and to recite the supplication that has been reported.

It is recommended to make up missed fasts consecutively. One may not delay them until the next Ramadan without a valid excuse; if he nevertheless does so, he must, in addition to fasting, feed one needy person for every day missed. Should he die—even after a subsequent Ramadan—while still owing any days, a needy person is to be fed on his behalf for each day. If a person dies while liable for a fast, a pilgrimage, an iʿtikāf (spiritual retreat), or a vowed prayer, it is recommended for his wali (guardian) to carry it out on his behalf.¹