and it is unlawful to face the qiblah or turn one’s back to it when relieving oneself in an unenclosed area¹; to remain there longer than one needs²; or to urinate on a pathway, in beneficial shade, or beneath a fruit-bearing tree.

He should first wipe with stones (istijmar)³ and then wash with water; istijmar alone suffices so long as the impurity has not spread beyond the usual exit point.

The conditions for istijmar⁴ with stones or the like are that the material be pure⁵, effective in removing the impurity, and not a bone, dung, food, something worthy of respect, or attached to a living creature.

A minimum of three cleansing strokes is required, or more, even if performed with one stone that has several faces. It is recommended to stop on an odd number.

Istinjāʾ is obligatory for every discharge except wind, and neither wuḍūʾ (ablution) nor tayammum is valid until it has been done.