Chapter: The Friday Prayer
The Friday prayer (Jumuʿah) is obligatory for every free, adult, male Muslim who is settled in a built-up area that bears a single name, even if its houses are scattered, so long as the distance between him and the place where it is held ⦗1⦘ is no more than one farsakh.
It is not obligatory for a traveler on a journey that permits shortening, nor for a slave, nor for a woman. If any of these attend the prayer, it suffices for him, yet the congregation is not established by his presence and he may not lead it. One who is excused for a reason other than travel ⦗2⦘—if he attends the prayer ⦗3⦘—is then required to observe it, and his attendance counts toward the quorum.
Should someone who is required to attend Jumuʿah pray Zuhr before the imam has prayed, his prayer is invalid; it is valid, however, for one upon whom Jumuʿah is not obligatory, though it is preferable for him to wait until the imam has prayed. It is impermissible for a person on whom Jumuʿah is obligatory to embark on a journey after the sun has passed its zenith on that day.
Sub-section
The conditions for its validity—of which the ruler’s permission is not one—are as follows:
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The time: its onset is the beginning of the ʿEid prayer time, and its end is the conclusion of Zuhr time. If that period ends before the opening takbīr, they perform Zuhr; otherwise, they offer Jumuʿah ⦗4⦘.
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The presence of forty residents who are obligated to attend, permanently settled in the village ⦗5⦘.