“Muslim”1.

His prayer is not valid if he performs it seated on a ship while able to stand. The obligatory prayer may, however, be offered seated when he fears harm from deep mud2, but not on account of illness.

Section

Anyone who embarks on a lawful journey of four barids (approximately forty-eight miles) is recommended to shorten the four-rakʿah prayers to two once he has left the built-up area of his village or the tents of his people.

He must complete the prayer in full if he began it while resident and then travelled, or set out and then took up residence, or recalls a prayer that became due at home while on a journey—or the opposite3; if he follows a resident imam or one whose status he doubts; if he commences a prayer that must be completed in full and it is invalidated and he repeats it; if, at the opening takbīr, he does not intend to shorten or is unsure of that intention4; if he plans to stay more than four days; or if he is a sailor travelling with his family without intending to settle in any town5.

Should he have two possible routes and choose the longer one, or remember a travel prayer at the end of his journey, he may still shorten.

If he is detained without intending to reside, or stays somewhere to attend to a need without the intention of residency, he continues to shorten indefinitely.