Book of Foods

The presumption concerning food is permissibility. Every pure substance that causes no harm—whether grain, fruit, or anything else—is lawful. Unlawful are impure things such as carrion and blood, as well as whatever is harmful, like poison and the like.

Land animals are lawful except for domestic donkeys¹ and every beast of prey that attacks with its canine teeth²—hyenas excepted—such as the lion, tiger, wolf, elephant, leopard, dog, swine, jackal, weasel, cat, mongoose, monkey, and bear. Also forbidden is every bird of prey that hunts with talons, including the eagle, hawk, falcon, saker, goshawk, kite, and owl; and birds that feed on carrion, such as the vulture, lammergeier, stork, magpie, pied crow, rook—a small ash-black crow—and the large black crow. Likewise impermissible are repulsive creatures like the hedgehog, porcupine, mouse, snake, all insects, the bat, and any hybrid born of a lawful and an unlawful species, such as the mule.

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Everything else is lawful: horses, the livestock species, chickens, wild donkeys and wild cattle³, gazelles, ostriches, hares, and all