If a legally accountable person manages, while any of the prayer’s time still remains, to pronounce only the opening takbīr and then loses legal capacity, or a woman begins her menses, then once he regains capacity and she becomes pure they must make up that prayer. Whoever becomes obligated before the time ends must perform that prayer together with any earlier prayer that can be combined with it. Missed prayers must be made up without delay and in their proper order; the order is waived if he forgets or if he fears that the preferred time1 of the present prayer will pass.

Among these prerequisites is covering the ʿawrah. The covering must not reveal the skin beneath it. The ʿawrah of a man, of a female slave, of an umm walad, and of a woman who is partly emancipated extends from the navel to the knee; every part of a free woman is ʿawrah except her face. It is recommended2 for a man to pray wearing two garments. In supererogatory prayers it suffices3 for him to cover only his ʿawrah, whereas in obligatory prayers he must also cover at least one shoulder. For a woman it is recommended to pray in a long tunic, a khimār, and an outer wrap, though merely covering her ʿawrah fulfils the requirement.

If any portion of one’s ʿawrah becomes exposed in a conspicuous manner, or he prays in a garment that is unlawful for him to wear or that is impure, he must repeat the prayer—except someone who is confined in a place of impurity. Whoever has enough cloth to cover his entire ʿawrah must do so; if the cloth is insufficient, he covers the front private parts, and if it will not cover both, then the rear. If he is offered a garment with which to cover himself, he is obliged to accept it.

Someone who has no clothing prays seated, indicating bowing and prostration with gestures, which is the recommended course in both obligatory and voluntary prayers. Their imam sits in the middle of them, and each gender prays separately; if that is too difficult, the men pray first with the women behind them, after which they reverse the arrangement. Should a nearby covering become available during the prayer, he covers himself and continues; otherwise he restarts the prayer.