or who performs Hajj, or who enters the state of ihram because of a vow to perform Hajj or to fast, or who undertakes a fast in expiation or in making up missed days of Ramadan when there is still ample time, or who travels on her own business1—even with his permission—then her maintenance is forfeited. Likewise, a wife whose husband has died is entitled to neither maintenance nor lodging.

She may collect each day’s allowance at the start of that day2; she has no right to demand its cash equivalent3, nor is she obliged to accept it in kind. If the couple agree on the daily allowance itself, or on postponing it, or on paying it in advance for any length of time, long or short, that is permissible. She is entitled to a clothing allowance once each year, given at the beginning of the year.

If the husband is absent and fails to provide, he remains liable for all past maintenance; and if, during his absence, she spends from his property but it is later discovered that he had already died, the heir must reimburse her for whatever she spent after his death.

Section

Once the husband has taken delivery of his wife, or she offers herself to him, and she is of an age fit for intercourse, her maintenance becomes obligatory4—even if the husband is a minor5, ill, emasculated, or impotent6.

She may withhold herself until she receives her prompt dower; but if she voluntarily submits and then wishes to withhold herself, she no longer has that right.

If he becomes unable to provide food, clothing, or part of either7, or lodging