or if a small portion of it was used to remove minor ritual impurity; or if someone who has just awakened from night-time sleep—which nullifies ablution—plunges his hand into it; or if it was the final rinse by which the impurity was washed away, then the water is simply pure (ṭāhir).

Impure (najis) water is: water whose properties have been altered by impurity; water that meets impurity while it is less than the abundant measure; or water that runs off from an impure place before the impurity has been removed.

If a large amount of purifying (ṭahūr) water—anything other than earth or the like—is added to impure water; or if the alteration in a large quantity of impure water disappears on its own; or if some of it is drawn off so that what remains is still abundant and unaltered, the water is purified.

If one is unsure whether water—or anything else—is impure or pure, he relies on what is certain.

When purifying water becomes indistinguishably mixed with impure water, it is forbidden to use either of them; no investigation is required, nor is it a pre-condition for tayammum that they be poured away or mixed. If purifying water is confused with water that is merely pure, he performs a single ablution from both—one scoop from this and one scoop from that—and then offers a single prayer.

If clean garments are confused with impure—or otherwise unlawful—garments, he is to pray once in each garment, offering as many prayers as there are impure garments and then one additional prayer.¹