anything that could remove it; or if he fears the cold, or is confined in a town and performs tayammum, or when both water and dust are lacking, he prays and does not have to repeat.

Tayammum must be carried out with pure, purifying soil that still has dust, has not been altered, and is itself clean.1

Its obligatory acts are: wiping the face and the hands up to the wrists, observing the proper sequence, and maintaining continuity—this applies when dealing with minor impurity.

An explicit intention is required for whatever purpose the tayammum is being performed, whether to remove a state of impurity or something else. If he intends one of these purposes, it does not suffice for the other. Should he intend only a voluntary act, or leave the intention unrestricted, he may not use that tayammum for an obligatory prayer. If, however, he intends it for the obligatory prayer, he may perform throughout its time both obligatory and supererogatory prayers.

Tayammum is nullified by the end of the prayer time, by anything that breaks ablution, and by the availability of water,2 even if it becomes available in the very middle of the prayer—though not after it.

For one who expects water, postponing tayammum until the end of the prescribed time is preferable.

Its procedure is as follows: he forms the intention, pronounces the basmalah, strikes the soil with both hands, fingers spread, wipes his face with their inner surfaces, then his hands with his palms, and passes his fingers between one another.