otherwise, he is obliged to remain for the night, and must perform the stoning the following day.

When he intends to leave Mecca, he is not to depart until he has carried out the farewell circumambulation (ṭawāf al-wadāʿ). Should he remain in the city thereafter, or engage in commerce, he must repeat it. If he omits it, he must return and perform it; but if returning is difficult—or he does not go back—he must offer a blood-sacrifice. If he had postponed the visitation circumambulation and performed it at the time of departure, it suffices in place of the farewell. Anyone who is not menstruating stands between the Corner and the Door, invoking the transmitted supplications; a menstruating woman stands at the entrance to the Mosque and recites the same invocations.

It is recommended to visit the grave of the Prophet ﷺ and the graves of his two Companions.

The procedure for ʿumrah is to enter iḥrām for it at the miqāt, or—if one is a resident of Mecca or similar—from the nearest point outside the Sanctuary, never from within it. After performing the circumambulation, the saʿy, and shaving or shortening the hair, one exits the state of consecration. ʿUmrah is permissible at any time of the year, and a single performance fulfils the obligation.

The pillars of ḥajj are: entering iḥrām, standing at ʿArafah, the visitation circumambulation, and the saʿy. Its obligatory duties are: entering iḥrām at the designated miqāt; remaining at ʿArafah until sunset; spending the night—except for those charged with providing water and tending livestock—at Minā, and at Muzdalifah until after midnight; the stoning, shaving the head, and the farewell circumambulation. Everything else is recommended.

The pillars of ʿumrah are: iḥrām, circumambulation, and saʿy. Its duties are shaving the head and entering iḥrām at its miqāt. Whoever omits the iḥrām, his ritual does not even commence.1 Whoever leaves out any other pillar—or its intention—does not complete the rites until that pillar is performed. Whoever abandons a duty must offer a blood-sacrifice, whereas omitting a recommended act entails no liability.