(1) See his biography in: Maʿjam al-Buldān, vol. 2, p. 160; al-Taqyīd by Ibn Nuqṭa, vol. 2, p. 78; Mirʾāt al-Zamān by Sibt Ibn al-Jawzī, vols. 6–8, pp. 627–630; al-Takmila li-Wafiyyāt al-Naqala by al-Minḏharī, vol. 3, p. 107; Dhayl al-Rawḍatayn by Abū Shāma al-Maqdisī, pp. 139–142; Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ, vol. 22, pp. 165–173; al-ʿIbar fī Khabar min Ghabr by al-Dhahabī, vol. 3, pp. 180–181; Dawlat al-Islām by al-Dhahabī, vol. 2, p. 93; Tārīkh al-Islām, 62nd layer, pp. 434–448; al-Mukhtaṣar al-Muḥtāj ilāhi min Tārīkh Ibn al-Dubaythī by al-Dhahabī, vol. 2, pp. 134–135; Fawāt al-Wafayāt by Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī, vol. 2, pp. 158–159; al-Wāfī bil-Wafayāt by al-Ṣafadī, vol. 17, pp. 37–39; Mirʾāt al-Jinān by al-Yāfī, vol. 4, pp. 47–48; al-Bidāya wa-l-Nihāya by Ibn Kathīr, pp. 99–101; Dhayl Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah by Ibn Rajab, vol. 2, pp. 133–149; al-Nujūm al-Zāhira by Ibn Ṭughri Birdī, vol. 6, p. 206; al-Maqṣad al-Murshid fī Dhikr Aṣḥāb al-Imām Aḥmad by Ibn Maflaḥ, vol. 2, pp. 15–20; al-Qalāʾid al-Jawhariyya by Ibn Ṭūlūn, vol. 2, pp. 340–344; Shudhūr al-Dhahab by Ibn al-ʿImād, vol. 5, pp. 88–92; Kashf al-Ẓunūn by Ḥājjī Khalīfa, pp. 343, 828, 924, 1164, 1378, 1406, 1415–1416, 1420, 1626, 1750–1751, 1809; Aydāḥ al-Maknūn by Ismāʿīl Bāshā al-Baghdādī, vol. 1, pp. 70–544; Hadiyat al-ʿĀrifīn by the same, vol. 1, pp. 459–460; al-Tāj al-Mukallal by Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān, pp. 229–231; al-Durr al-Manẓūd fī Asmāʾ Kutub Madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad by Ibn Ḥumayd, pp. 32–33; Rafʿ al-Niqāb ʿan Tarājim al-Aṣḥāb by Ibn Ḍuwayyān, pp. 235–238. Sheikh ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Sālim al-Shahrānī composed a master’s thesis in the Department of ʿAqīdah and Contemporary Schools at Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University in Riyadh, titled “Ibn Qudāma’s Method in Establishing the Creed of the Salaf and His Position on Those Who Oppose It,” from which I drew extensively for the biography of al-Muwaffaq. Dr. ʿAbdulʿAzīz ibn ʿAbdulraḥmān al-Saeed authored Ibn Qudāma wa-Āthāruhu al-Uṣūliyya.