and you would fear them as you fear one another?” [al-Rum 30:28]—that is, with the same apprehension each of you feels toward the other, just as in His words, “Then you are those very ones who kill one another” [al-Baqarah 2:85]; and His words, “Why, when you heard it, did the believing men and believing women not think well of one another?” [al-Nūr 24:12]; and His words, “Do not defame one another” [al-Ḥujurāt 49:11]; and His words, “Turn in repentance to your Maker and slay one another” [al-Baqarah 2:54]; and His words, “Do not expel one another from your homes” [al-Baqarah 2:84]—up to His words, “Then you are those very ones who kill one another” [al-Baqarah 2:85]. In every one of these passages the intent is the same.
Thus the Almighty makes it plain that a creature’s slave can never be regarded as his partner in what he owns to the extent that he would fear his slave as he fears his equal. You positively refuse to treat your own slave as an equal—so how can you be content to set something that is My creation and My possession alongside Me as a partner, to be invoked and worshipped as I am invoked and worshipped? This is exactly what they used to recite in their pilgrimage chant: “Here we are at Your service; You have no partner—except a partner who belongs to You; You own him and all that he owns.” This is an immense and wide-ranging subject, but this is not the place to elaborate upon it.
The point, rather, is to draw attention to the fact that the Quran and the Prophetic wisdom together contain, in general, all the fundamentals of the religion—its issues and its proofs—that truly merit that designation. Whatever elements of falsehood some people insert under that heading are not among the fundamentals of the religion, even if they classify them as such—corrupt questions and spurious proofs like denying the divine attributes, rejecting the decree, and similar matters.
The same holds for the attempt to prove the world’s origination by citing the origination of the aʿrāḍ (accidents) that are the attributes inherent in bodies—whether these are the akwan (transient states) or something else—and for formulating the premises required for that argument, namely, affirming those accidents that are attributes