and, by merely sharing the same pasture⦗1⦘, they are regarded for zakah as a single herd. No intention to form the partnership is required, nor must they share a watering point or a shepherd; likewise, they do not have to use the same breeding male when the species differ—such as cattle and water-buffalo, or sheep and goats. This intermixing can at times increase the liability—for example, two owners who mix forty sheep, twenty each, become jointly liable for one sheep—and at other times lighten it, as when three owners mix one hundred and twenty sheep, forty each, yet together owe only one sheep. Deliberately splitting the assets has no effect unless the wealth consists of grazing livestock⦗2⦘. If the animals⦗3⦘ are pasturing in two places separated by the distance that permits shortening the prayer, each herd is assessed separately⦗4⦘. Thus, if someone owns sheep in several widely separated locations, forty in each, he must give a sheep for every location⦗5⦘; but if the full forty are not reached in any one place, nothing is due—unless the herds are combined⦗6⦘.