Section: The Prayer of Those with Excuses
An ill person must perform the obligatory prayer standing—even if he has to lean on something; if he cannot, then seated; if he still cannot, then lying on his side, with the right side preferred. He should gesture for bowing and prostration1, lowering the gesture for prostration more than that for bowing. If even that is impossible, he signals with his eyes while envisaging the acts2 in his heart, and likewise the words if his tongue is unable to voice them. The prayer is never waived so long as his mind remains sound.
If, during the prayer, he regains the ability to stand or3 to sit, he must move to that posture4.
Anyone who can stand when praying alone but can only sit in congregation is given the choice5.
A person troubled by rain, mud, and the like, or who fears for his safety if he dismounts, may validly pray on his mount; he must face the qiblah and perform whatever movements he can.
One who finds himself in water or mud should pray by making gestures in place of bowing and prostration.