Dalīl al-Ṭālib - Marʿi al-Karmi - (358)

one man and two women, or one man together with an oath—never two women together with an oath. If several people share a right that is supported by the testimony of a single witness⦗1⦘ and they present him, then whoever among them takes the corroborating oath receives his share, while anyone who refuses the oath receives nothing.

The illness of a domestic animal, a skull-exposing wound (muwaḍiḥa), and similar cases: the statement of one physician and one veterinarian is accepted, for no one else is normally versed in such matters; if two experts disagree, precedence is given to the one who confirms the condition.
Matters that men ordinarily cannot observe—such as defects in women hidden beneath clothing, breastfeeding⦗2⦘, virginity, loss of virginity, menstruation, and likewise wounds and the like that occur in a bathhouse, wedding, or similar settings where men are absent—are established by the testimony of one upright woman, though the more cautious opinion is two.

Section⦗3⦘

If premeditated homicide is attested to by one man and two women, nothing is established; but if they testify to theft, the property is established while the prescribed amputation is not.

Someone who swears a conditional oath of divorce⦗4⦘—for example, “I did not steal,” or “I did not seize anything by force”—and the act is later proven by the testimony of one man and two women, or by one man⦗5⦘ together with an oath, must still restore the property, yet the divorce is not effected.

(1) Manuscript M adds the word “wahid” (one); the same addition appears in manuscript N and in the printed commentary. (2) Manuscript M reads “ar-radaaʿa” (breast-feeding). (3) Al-Lubadi notes (p. 475) that the particle fa here cannot be construed as a conjunctive or as an adversative; it is probably the so-called fa al-fasihah, or else it qualifies his earlier statement, “the third category: al-qawad (retaliation).” (4) Al-Iqnaaʿ inserts “and al-ʿitaaq (manumission)” and then adds: “divorce and manumission are not thereby established.” This is open to objection, for manumission may be proven by one male witness and two female witnesses, or by an oath, as stated above. For this reason, Al-Muntaha confines the matter to divorce alone, and the author follows him; this is the correct view (Al-Lubadi, p. 475). (5) Manuscript N reads “bi-rajul” (with the preposition ba prefixed to “rajul”).

رجل وامرأتان أو رجل ويمين لا امرأتان ويمين ولو كان لجماعة حق بشاهد١ فأقاموه: فمن حلف أخذ نصيبه ولا يشاركه من لم يحلف. الخامس: داء دابة وموضحة ونحوهما: فيقبل قول طبيب وبيطار واحد لعدم غيره في معرفته وإن اختلف اثنان قدم قول المثبت. السادس: ما لا يطلع عليه الرجال غالبا كعيوب النساء تحت الثياب والرضاع٢ والبكارة والثيوبة والحيض وكذا جراحة وغيرها في حمام وعرس ونحوهما مما لا يحضره الرجال فيكفي فيه امرأة عدل والأحوط: اثنتان. فصل فلو٣ شهد بقتل العمد رجل وامرأتان لم يثبت شيء وإن شهدوا بسرقة: ثبت المال دون القطع. ومن حلف بالطلاق٤ أنه ما سرق أو ما غصب ونحوه فثبت فعله برجل وامرأتين أو رجل٥ ويمين: ثبت المال ولم تطلق.

١ في "م" زيادة:"واحد".وأدرجها في "ن" وفي الشرح. ٢ في "م" "الرضاعة". ٣ قال في الحاشية: لا يصح أن تكون الفاء للتفريع ولا بمنزلة الاستدراك ولعلها تكون الفصيحة أو أنه محترز قوله: "القسم الثالث: القود". حاشية اللبدي "ص: ٤٧٥". ٤ وفي الإقناع: "والعتاق" ثم قال: "ولم يثبت طلاق ولا عتق" وفيه نظر فإن العتق يثبت بشاهد وامرأتين أو يمين كما تقدم ولهذا اقتصر في المنتهى على الطلاق وتبعه المؤلف وهو الصواب. حاشية اللبدي "ص: ٤٧٥". ٥ في "ن" "برجل" بزيادة الباء.