Chapter: The Categories of Matters That Require Testimony
They are six:
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Fornication/adultery (zinā). Four male witnesses are indispensable, and they must testify that they actually saw the man’s member penetrate the woman’s private part, or else testify that he confessed to the act four separate times.
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When a person known to be affluent claims poverty in order to receive zakāt funds. In this case, three male witnesses are required.
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Retaliatory homicide or injury (qiṣāṣ), insolvency, and any act that entails a prescribed ḥadd or a discretionary taʿzīr penalty. The same evidentiary standard—two male witnesses—applies to marriage, taking one’s wife back after a revocable divorce, khulʿ, ṭalāq, issues of lineage, the bond of walāʾ, and granting power of attorney in non-financial matters.
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Property and all that is intended for property, such as loans, pledges, deposits⦗1⦘, emancipation, tadbīr, endowments, sales, and injuries caused by mistake. In these cases two male witnesses are sufficient, or