Chapter: The Ḥadd for Highway Robbery

Highway robbers are legally responsible individuals bound by the Law who waylay people and seize their property openly. Guilt is established either by the testimony of witnesses or by the offender’s own admission repeated twice, and it is further conditioned on the property having been taken from a secure place (ḥirz) and on it meeting the minimum threshold (niṣāb). Four legal rulings apply to them:

1. If they commit murder without taking any property, it becomes obligatory4 to execute them all.
2. If they both kill and seize property, it becomes obligatory5 to execute them and crucify their bodies until the matter becomes publicly known.