Chapter on Exclusion (ḥajb)

Be aware that exclusion occasioned by a personal disqualification (ḥajb by description) may befall every heir. Exclusion brought about by the presence of another heir, when it merely reduces the share, can likewise strike every heir; but when it leads to complete deprivation it affects none of the following five1 categories: the two spouses, both parents, and the descendants.

The grandfather is barred by the father, and any more remote grandfather is barred by one who is nearer. Every grandmother, without exception, is excluded2 by the mother, and every more remote grandmother is excluded by one who is nearer. Likewise, any more remote son is barred by a nearer son. Full siblings are excluded3 by two persons: by the son, no matter how far down the line, and by the nearer father.

Paternal half-siblings are also excluded4 by a full sibling. Nephews (sons of brothers) are excluded even by the grandfather—the father’s father—however high, while paternal uncles are excluded even by nephews, however remote. A maternal half-brother is excluded by two groups: by any descendant of the deceased and by his male ascendants, however distant.

Granddaughters through a son are excluded by two or more daughters of the deceased unless a male descendant through that same son is present to convert them into residuary heirs.