16
Chapter on Gifts
A gift (hiba) is the gratuitous transfer of property made while one is still alive.
It is recommended, and it becomes binding through any statement or action that conveys the donor’s intent.
Its conditions are eight:
- that it be given by someone who is legally competent to dispose of his wealth;
- that he do so willingly, not in jest;
- that the item given be something whose sale is valid;
- that the recipient be legally capable of ownership;
- that the recipient accept the gift—verbally or by any act that indicates acceptance—before both parties engage in something that, by common usage, breaks off the transaction;
- that the gift be immediate, not suspended;
- that it not be limited to a set term; however, if it is tied to the lifetime of either party, it is binding and the time-stipulation is disregarded;
- that it be without consideration: if a specific counter-item is stipulated, it is a sale, and if the consideration is unknown, the transaction is invalid.
There is no harm in giving a present with the expectation that the recipient will return something greater.
It is disliked to refuse1 a gift, no matter how small; rather, the sunnah is to repay the giver or to pray for him. If one knows that the gift was offered2 merely out of embarrassment, then returning it3 becomes obligatory.
(1) It is permissible to refuse the gift in certain cases: for example, when the recipient wishes to take it as part of a reciprocal contract, when the giver is not satisfied with the usual counter-gift, or when it is given after a request and similar situations. Hashiyat al-Lubdi, p. 255.
(2) In manuscript N the wording is “uhdi lahu” instead of “uhdi.”
(3) Al-Adab al-Sharʿiyya, 1/315: “This is a sound opinion, because our school considers the underlying intentions of the parties when assessing contracts.”
باب الهبة
وهي التبرع بالمال في حال الحياة.
وهي مستحبة منعقدة بكل قول أو فعل يدل عليها.
وشروطها ثمانية: كونها من جائز التصرف كونه مختارا غير هازل كون الموهوب يصح بيعه كون الموهوب له يصح تمليكه كونه يقبل ما وهب له بقول أو فعل يدل عليه قبل تشاغلهما بما يقطع البيع عرفا كون الهبة منجزة كونها غير مؤقتة لكن لو وقتت بعمر أحدهما لزمت ولغا التوقيت وكونها بغير عوض فإن كانت بعرض معلوم فبيع وبعوض مجهول فباطلة.
ومن أهدى ليهدى له أكثر فلا بأس.
ويكره رد١ الهبة وإن قلت بل السنة أن يكافئ أو يدعو وإن علم أنه أهدى٢ حياء وجب الرد٣.
١ ويجوز ردها لأمور: مثل أن يريد أخذه بعقد معارضة أو يكون المعطى لا يقنع بالثواب المعتاد أو تكون بعد السؤال ونحوه. حاشية اللبدي "ص: ٢٥٥".
٢ في "ن""أهدي له" بدل "أهدي".
٣ قال في الآداب الشرعية "١/٣١٥": وهو قول حسن لأن المقاصد في العقود عندنا معتبرة.