The usurper’s statement is accepted with respect to both the value and1 the quantity of the property he seized. He is liable for any injury or destruction it causes, in the lesser amount of either the arsh (statutory compensation for partial damage) or its full value. If the usurper feeds the usurped item—even to its rightful owner—and that person eats it2 unaware of its status, the usurper is not absolved. Should the eater know the truth of the matter, liability transfers to him.

If someone purchases a piece of land, then plants trees or erects a building on it, and the land is later adjudged the property of another so that his plantings and3 constructions are removed, he may reclaim from the seller every expense he has borne.

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Whoever destroys another’s property—even inadvertently—must make restitution, and if he was forced to do so, the one who compelled him bears the liability.

If someone4 opens a cage, releases a bird, loosens a net, a captive, or a tethered animal so that it escapes, or unties the stopper of a skin holding liquid and it spills, he is liable. If the animal or bird remains until a different person later frightens it away, the liability rests on the one who frightened it off5.

Whoever stops an animal in a roadway—even a broad one—or leaves there something such as mud or a block of wood, is liable for any damage that results. Yet if the animal is standing in a wide road and a passer-by strikes it so that it kicks and causes harm, no liability is incurred6.