Dalīl al-ṬālibMarʿi al-Karmi

—that is, its market value on the very day it perished, whether or not he had been negligent.

Nevertheless, in four specific cases no compensation is due unless negligence is established:

  1. when the loaned article is a charitable endowment, such as reference books or weapons;
  2. when the lessee lends the leased item to someone else;
  3. when the item wears out through the very use for which it was borrowed; or
  4. when he allows someone who has devoted himself to the service of Allah to ride his mount and the animal dies beneath that rider.

If a person borrows something for the purpose of pledging it, the pledge-holder is simply a trustee, whereas the borrower1 remains liable.

Likewise, if one partner hands an animal over to the other, and the latter either does not use it at all or uses it—by his partner’s permission—in return for feeding it, and the animal then dies without any negligence, he incurs no liability.

(1) This opinion was adopted by Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah and others. Abd al-Rahman al-Saʿdi states: “The correct view is that a loan for use (ʿariyah) is not subject to liability unless expressly stipulated, because it is included among trusts (amanat). Liability arises only through either transgression or an act carried out without permission, and neither is present in an ʿariyah. Moreover, the legal maxim is that whatever results from a permitted act remains permitted.” Al-Mukhtarat al-Jaliyyah, p. 124.}
متقوم يوم تلف فرط أو لا. لكن لا ضمان في أربع مسائل إلا بالتفريط: فيما إذا كانت العارية وقفا ككتب علم وسلاح وفيما إذا أعارها المستأجر أو بليت فيما أعيرت له أو أركب دابته منقطعا لله تعالى فتلفت تحته. ومن استعار ليرهن فالمرتهن أمين ويضمن المستعير١. ومن سلم لشريكه الدابة ولم يستعملها أو استعملها في مقابلة علفها بإذن شريكه وتلفت بلا تفريط لم يضمن.
١ وهو اختيار شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية وغيره وقال عبد الرحمن السعدي: والصواب أن العارية لا تضمن إلا بالشرط لدخولها في الجملة الأمانات وأن أسباب الضمان إما تعد وإما تصرف لم يؤذن له فيه وهذا مفقود في العارية ولأن القاعدة: أن ما ترتب على المأذون فإنه غير مأذون. المختارات الجلية "ص: ١٢٤".

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