Dalīl al-Ṭālib - Marʿi al-Karmi - (158)

Chapter: Crop-Sharing

Crop-sharing (muṣāqāh) is to hand over fruit trees to someone who will manage their upkeep in exchange for a share of the fruit, on condition that the trees are specified, that they bear edible produce, and that the worker’s share is a known, undivided portion of the yield2.

Farming partnership (muzāraʿah) is to give land and seed to someone who will cultivate it and attend to its needs, provided the seed’s type and quantity are specified—even if he has not been formally appointed as an agent—and that the seed comes from the landowner, and that the worker is granted3 a known, undivided4 share of the harvest. It is also valid for the land, seed, and oxen to belong to one party while the labor is supplied by another.

If any of these conditions is missing, both the crop-sharing and the farming partnership are invalid5; the fruit or crop reverts to its owner, and the worker receives the customary wage for his services.

(2) In manuscript N the wording is: “yushtarat” (a condition is stipulated). (3) In manuscript N the wording is: “yushtarat.” (4) In manuscript B the wording is: “mushaaʿ maʿlum” (a specified undivided share); the same reading occurs in manuscript M. (5) Al-Lubadi notes in his marginalia (p. 214): “The first two formulations are unsound, for the statement predicates two distinct things—unless one assumes an ellipsis that implicitly conveys the second predicate, even though the more usual construction is the opposite, as in the verse: ʾukuluhā dāʾimun wa-zilluhā (its fruit is everlasting and so is its shade) [al-Raʿd 13:35], meaning ‘everlasting.’”

باب المساقاة وهي: دفع شجر لمن يقوم بمصالحه بجزء من ثمره بشرط كون الشجر معلوما وأن يكون له ثمر يؤكل وأن يشرط٢ للعامل جزء مشاع معلوم من ثمره. والمزارعة: دفع الأرض والحب لمن يزرعه ويقوم بمصالحه بشرط كون البذر معلوما جنسه وقدره ولو لم يوكل وكونه من رب الأرض وأن يشرط٣ للعامل جزء معلوم مشاع٤ منه ويصح كون الأرض والبذر والبقر من واحد والعمل من آخر. فإن فقد شرط فالمساقاة والمزارعة فاسدة٥ والثمر والزرع لربه وللعامل أجرة مثله.

٢ في "ن" "يشترط". ٣ في "ن" "يشترط". ٤ في "ب" "مشاع معلوم" وكذا في "م". ٥ قال اللبدي في الحاشية "ص: ٢١٤": الأولى: فاسدتان لأنه خبر عن شيئين إلا أن يقال: فيه حذف من الدلالة الثاني عليه وإن كان الأكثر عكسه كقوله تعالى: ﴿أُكُلُهَا دَائِمٌ وَظِلُّهَا﴾ [الرعد: ة٣٥] أي: دائم.