and they curse you." They asked, "O Messenger of Allah, shall we not rise up against them with the sword?" He replied, "No, not as long as they establish the prayer among you." 1
These last two hadiths therefore indicate that rulers may be challenged and fought with the sword if they fail to establish the prayer. It is not lawful to dispute with the rulers or fight them unless they commit explicit disbelief for which we possess clear proof from Allah. This is based on the statement of ʿUbādah ibn al-Ṣāmit (may Allah be pleased with him): "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ summoned us and we pledged allegiance to him. Among the terms he took from us were that we would listen and obey in what we like and what we dislike, in hardship and in ease, even when others are preferred over us, and that we would not contend with those in authority." He then said, "Unless you see open disbelief concerning which you have evidence from Allah." 2
Accordingly, the rulers’ abandonment of the prayer—upon which the Prophet ﷺ made the permissibility of opposing and fighting them depend—constitutes manifest disbelief for which we have proof from Allah.
Neither the Qur’an nor the Sunnah contains any text stating that the one who abandons the prayer is not a disbeliever, or that he