in the eighth century AH, confronting Sufism and the Sufis; Ibn Taymiyyah held Sufism responsible for many manifestations of doctrinal corruption and behavioral innovation. Even though the debate between Ibn Taymiyyah and his opponents was heated, sharp, and biting—since he represented an all-out offensive aimed at clarifying the truth and distinguishing it from falsehood—his adversaries nevertheless agreed with him in his criticisms of the Sufis of his age.
Anyone who regularly studies Ibn Taymiyyah’s writings can readily see that he inclined toward the earliest ascetics, praised the shaykhs of sound, lawful Sufism, yet at the same time condemned Ibn ʿArabi and his followers and drew a parallel between the ishrāqiyya (Illuminationist school) and the Sabians.
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah was accused by some Sufis of harshness and a hardened heart. In reality he was neither; but the fiery polemic that raged between him and his opponents, as he called for the unity of thought and behavior under the banner of the Salaf, eclipsed many of the gentle and spiritual dimensions of his personality. Indeed, he would overflow with tenderness when he withdrew to deserted mosques, beseeching his Lord to unlock for him the knots of understanding on a particular issue, saying, “O Teacher of Abraham, teach me.”
Ibn Taymiyyah focused his critique on those schools in which the notions of incarnation (ḥulūl) and union (ittiḥād) were insinuated—most notably the schools of Ibn ʿArabi, Ibn Sabʿīn, Ibn al-Fāriḍ, and al-Hallāj. He traced the ideas that had influenced al-Hallāj back to his contemporaries and near contemporaries, such as Ibn Baskawīh (d. 369 AH) and al-Ḥāfiẓ al-Baghdādī (d. 463 AH). He demonstrated al-Hallāj’s Bāṭinī leanings and his spurious claims—like the “fatwa of Iblīs” and the notorious utterance, “I am the Truth.” He attacked the Sufis’ attempts to excuse al-Hallāj, exposing how the latter had tried to deceive them with sayings such as, “Look after your own soul; if you do not occupy it with the Truth, it will occupy you.”