—glorious⦗1⦘, clear, set forth in eloquent Arabic so that people may reason and understand⦗2⦘—yet, on that assumption, its words on the gravest of all questions would carry no intelligible meaning, like the alphabetic characters that people know only as sounds they recite, their knowledge of them never lifting them above illiteracy. Allah, exalted be He, said: “Among them are unlettered people who know nothing of the Book except wishful tales” (al-Baqarah 2:78).
If you ask, “What, then, is the answer to His statement: ‘He is the One who sent down to you the Book; in it are verses that are precise—they are the foundation of the Book—while others are ambiguous. Those whose hearts are deviant follow what is ambiguous in it, seeking discord and seeking its interpretation, but no one knows its interpretation except Allah. And those firmly grounded in knowledge say, ‘We believe in it; all of it is from our Lord,’ and none take heed except people of understanding’ (Āl ʿImrān 3:7)? Does this not show that the Quran contains ambiguous verses whose interpretation is known only to Allah?”—
We reply: the early community (salaf) held two views on where to pause in this verse.
-
To stop at His words “except Allah.” This is the position of the majority of early and later scholars. On this reading, the word taʾwīl in “and no one knows its taʾwīl except Allah” refers to the ultimate reality to which the wording points, not to the explanatory meaning that clarifies it. Thus, the taʾwīl of the verses dealing with the divine attributes is the actual reality and true nature of those attributes—matters of the unseen that reason cannot attain and for which no textual proof has come; therefore none but Allah knows them.
-
To continue without pausing at “except Allah.” This is the opinion of a group among the early and later scholars. Here, taʾwīl in “and none knows its taʾwīl except Allah and those firmly grounded in knowledge” means explanation, i.e., clarification of meaning. This is indeed known to those firmly grounded in knowledge, as Ibn ʿAbbās—may Allah be pleased with both of them—