as well as al-Samīʿ (the All-Hearing) and al-Baṣīr (the All-Seeing) all designate one and the same reality. Others admit that the names differ, yet claim that He is knowing without knowledge, powerful without power, hearing without hearing, seeing without sight, and the like.
Their pretext is this: they imagine that affirming the attributes necessarily entails likening Allah to creation, for, they say, nothing possessed of attributes exists except a body, and all bodies are alike; therefore, to affirm attributes is to fall into anthropomorphism.
The refutation of their claim proceeds along several lines:
First: Allah, exalted is He, has named Himself with names and has described Himself with attributes. If affirming the attributes entailed assimilation, then affirming the names would entail it as well; and if affirming the names does not entail assimilation, neither does affirming the attributes. To draw a distinction between the two is contradictory. Thus, they must either affirm both and agree with the early Muslims (the salaf), or negate both and side with the extreme Jahmiyyah and Bāṭiniyyah, or keep differentiating and remain mired in self-contradiction.
Second: Allah has characterized His names as “Most Beautiful” and has commanded us to invoke Him by them: “To Allah belong the Most Beautiful Names, so call upon Him by them” (al-Aʿrāf 180). This verse demands that the names point to majestic meanings that serve as a means in our supplications. They cannot be devoid of such content. Were they mere proper nouns, they would signify nothing beyond identifying the One named, much less qualify as “beautiful” or as aids in prayer.
Third: Allah has affirmed attributes for Himself—both in general and in detail—while simultaneously denying any likeness. He says, “To Allah belongs the highest description” (al-Naḥl 60), and, “There is nothing like unto Him, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing” (al-Shūrā 11). This shows that affirming the attributes does not entail assimilation; were that the case, the divine speech would be internally inconsistent.
Fourth: Whoever is devoid of the attributes of perfection is unfit to be Lord, and