example in Abraham and those with him when they said to their people, “We are free of you and of whatever you worship besides Allah; we have rejected you, and between us and you enmity and hatred has become manifest forever—until you believe in Allah alone” (60:4).
He also said, “O you who believe, do not take My enemies and yours as allies, offering them affection while they have rejected the truth that has come to you” (60:1).
And He said, “O you who believe, do not take the Jews and the Christians as allies; they are allies of one another. Whoever among you allies himself with them is indeed one of them. Allah does not guide wrongdoing people. You see those in whose hearts is a disease rushing toward them, saying, ‘We fear that some misfortune may befall us.’ Yet it may well be that Allah will bring victory or a decree from Him, and then they will end up remorseful for what they concealed within themselves” (5:51–52).
And He said, “You will not find a people who believe in Allah and the Last Day showing affection toward those who oppose Allah and His Messenger, even were they their fathers, their sons, their brothers, or their kinsfolk. Upon such people He has inscribed faith in their hearts and strengthened them with a spirit from Him. He will admit them into gardens beneath which rivers flow, to abide therein forever. Allah is pleased with them, and they are pleased with Him. Those are the party of Allah; indeed, it is the party of Allah who are successful” (58:22).
Disavowal (barāʾa) is of two kinds: disavowal of the deed and disavowal of the doer.
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Disavowal of the deed: The believer must repudiate every prohibited act—whether it is outright unbelief or something less—therefore he disavows polytheism, fornication, drinking wine, and the like. He neither approves of them, nor condones them, nor practices them, for approval, condoning, or practice of such deeds is opposition to Allah the Exalted and consent to what He does not approve.
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Disavowal of the doer:
a. If the person’s action amounts to unbelief, then it is obligatory in all circumstances and from every angle to disavow him, as the noble verses demand, because he lacks any quality that would warrant loyalty.
b. If the action falls short of unbelief, then disavowal of the doer is required in one respect but not in another; thus, one maintains loyalty to him