Among these scholars stands the erudite, critically exacting and eloquent Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah1. In his substantial work al-Kalām fī Masʾalat al-Samāʿ (Discourse on the Question of Audition) he reached the pinnacle of argumentation for the prohibition of singing, musical instruments, and Sufi chanting. He amassed extensive proofs from the Quran, the Sunnah, and the reports of the early generations, set out the positions of the jurists, weighed them against one another, and refuted those who deem lawful what Allah has forbidden. One of the book’s remarkable features is a mock debate he convenes between a proponent of song and a proponent of the Quran, presented in masterful, engaging chapters whose proofs shine brilliantly against the permissivists and the innovators. May Allah reward him
(5) [p. 329] Treating unqualified (mutlaq) texts as absolute before examining the passages that restrict them, and relying on general (‘amm) texts without first asking whether they are particularised, and likewise the reverse error: judging a restricted text to be absolute or a specific (khas) one to be general purely on the basis of personal opinion, with no proof besides that.¹
(6) [p. 334] Distorting proofs by transferring an evidence whose legal ratio (‘illah) applies to one issue and applying it to a different issue while implying that the two ratios are identical. This is one of the subtler forms of “altering words from their proper places,” and we seek Allah’s protection. One who professes Islam and denounces such distortion will not usually resort to it openly unless some ambiguity confronts him, or ignorance bars him from the truth, together with a desire that blinds him to the proper use of evidence—thereby making him an innovator.
(7) [pp. 348–349] Utter devotion in exalting their shaykhs, assigning to them what they do not deserve. The moderate among them claim that no wali (friend of Allah) is greater than a given shaykh, and some even seal the door of sainthood to the whole ummah save that man—sheer falsehood. Those more extreme declare him equal to the Prophet, Allah bless him and grant him peace, except that revelation does not descend upon him!
¹ The person intended is too well known to require identification; he died in 751 AH.
1 – I add: Imam al-Shatibi offered several useful scholarly examples of this error, and Ibn al-Qayyim held that its reverse is the very root of the Sufis’ mistake in permitting their singing; see his aforementioned work, p. 360. Through a similar misunderstanding the contemporary al-Ghazali allowed music; consult al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah, p. 70.