to perfect their ablution: let them wash their faces and their hands up to the elbows, wash their feet up to the ankles, and wipe their heads as Allah has commanded. He must bid them to observe the prayer at its appointed times, to complete their bowing and maintain humility, to offer the dawn prayer while darkness still lingers, to pray the noon prayer in the heat of midday once the sun begins its decline, to perform the afternoon prayer while the sun is still bright but heading toward the horizon, to pray the sunset prayer as soon as night approaches—never delaying it until the stars are visible—and to pray the night prayer at the beginning of the night.

He is to urge them to set out promptly for the Friday prayer when its call is given and to perform a ritual bath before going.

He must take from the spoils of war the share that belongs to Allah—one fifth—and collect from the believers the prescribed alms on land: one-tenth on anything watered by natural flow or rainfall, and one-twentieth on what is irrigated by water-wheels. He then mentioned, in abbreviated form, the zakah due on camels and cattle.

He said: “Upon every adult—male or female, free or slave—among the Jews and the Christians is one full dinar or its equivalent in clothing. Whoever pays that enjoys the covenant of Allah and the covenant of His Messenger; whoever withholds it is an enemy of Allah, His Messenger, and the believers.”

Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd narrated from al-Zuhrī, from Abū Bakr ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr ibn Ḥazm, from his father, from his grandfather, a similar connected report that contains many additional rulings on zakah and omits some of the sunan we have cited.

Abū al-Yamān reported from Ṣafwān ibn ʿAmr, from Rāshid ibn Saʿd, from Rāshid ibn Ḥumayd al-Sukūnī, that when the Prophet ﷺ dispatched Muʿādh to Yemen, he walked beside Muʿādh’s mount giving him counsel, while Muʿādh rode. When he had finished he said, “Muʿādh, you may not meet me after this year; perhaps you will pass by my mosque and my grave.” Muʿādh wept bitterly at the prospect of parting from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, whereupon he said, “Do not weep, Muʿādh; weeping is from Satan.”