—was seeking to disparage al-Ṣiddīq (Abu Bakr) for having inquired about the obligatory share of the grandmother (1). I hastened to say, “A student may be more knowledgeable, more insightful, and even more virtuous than his teacher, for the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: ‘How often does the bearer of a ruling convey it to one who understands it better than he does’ (2)… . Likewise, a man who teaches children the Quran—one of those children may grow up and surpass his instructor in knowledge.”
He then said, “Mention for me something from the Quran that is stated in general terms and then particularized.”
I replied, “The Exalted One says, ‘Do not marry idolatrous women’ (al-Baqara 2:221); the wording could at first be taken as a general prohibition. Yet He also says, ‘[You may marry] the chaste women from those who were given the Scripture before you’ (al-Maʾida 5:5). From this we understand that the first verse was meant in a specific sense, that is: do not—”
(1) A reference to the hadith recorded by Malik in al-Muwatta 2/54, Book of Inheritance, chapter “The Grandmother’s Share”; by Abu Dawud (2894) in the same book and chapter; by al-Tirmidhi (2102) likewise; and by Ibn Majah (2724). It is the report of Qabisah ibn Dhuayb: A grandmother came to Abu Bakr asking about her inheritance. He said, “You have no prescribed share in the Book of Allah, and I know of nothing for you in the sunnah of the Messenger of Allah. Go back until I consult the people.” He questioned the Companions, and al-Mughira ibn Shuba said, “I witnessed the Messenger of Allah give her one-sixth.” Abu Bakr asked, “Is there anyone else?” Muhammad ibn Maslama al-Ansari stood up and confirmed it, so Abu Bakr allotted her one-sixth.
Another grandmother later came to Umar ibn al-Khattab. He said, “You have no fixed share in the Book of Allah, and the previous ruling was for someone other than you. I will not increase the prescribed shares; the portion is that same one-sixth. If you both are present, you share it; if only one of you remains, it is hers alone.”
Al-Tirmidhi graded the hadith “hasan sahih”; al-Hakim (4/338) and Ibn Hibban (no. 1224) declared it sahih. Ibn Hajar stated in al-Talkhis 3/82: “Its chain is sound and its transmitters trustworthy, yet its outward form is mursal, for Qabisah neither heard from Abu Bakr nor could he have witnessed the incident.”
(2) A passage from an authentic hadith reported by al-Shafi‘i 1/14 and by al-Tirmidhi (2658) in the Book of Knowledge, chapter “The Encouragement to Convey What Is Heard,” from Ibn Masud: the Messenger of Allah said, “May Allah brighten a servant who hears my words, preserves them, understands them, and conveys them; for a carrier of fiqh may not himself be a jurist, and a carrier of fiqh may transmit it to one who is more learned than he.” Al-Tirmidhi graded it “hasan sahih.”
Supporting reports exist from Zayd ibn Thabit in Ahmad 5/183, Abu Dawud (3660), al-Tirmidhi (2656), Ibn Majah (230), and al-Darimi 1/75, and have been judged sahih by Ibn Hajar and others; from Jubayr ibn Mutim in Ahmad 4/80, Ibn Majah (231), and al-Darimi 1/74-75; from Abu al-Darda in al-Darimi 1/75-76; and from Anas in Ahmad 3/225.