Siyar Aʿlām al-NubalāʾShams al‑Din al‑Dhahabi

Abu al-ʿArab, quoting an informant, said: “Those who attended Sahnun’s gathering from among the devoted worshippers were more numerous than the students; they came to him from the far reaches of the earth.

When Sahnun was finally appointed to the judiciary, he was reproached. He replied, ‘I have been engaged in adjudication for forty years—what is a legal opinion if not a judicial ruling?’ (1)

It is said that the number of transmitters from Sahnun reached nine hundred.

The origin of the Mudawwana was a series of questions that Asad b. al-Furat put to Ibn al-Qasim.

When Sahnun travelled with that compilation, he presented it to Ibn al-Qasim, who corrected much in it and omitted some parts. Sahnun then arranged it and divided it into chapters.

For many of its issues he cited textual evidence from the reports he had transmitted, even though it also contains matters whose proofs are inadequate—nothing but pure opinion.

They relate that, toward the end of his life, Sahnun marked those passages and intended to eliminate them and refine the Mudawwana, but death overtook him—may Allah have mercy on him.

The senior Maliki jurists recognise those disputed issues: they affirm what can be substantiated and deem weak whatever lacks supporting evidence.

Thus the Mudawwana is treated no differently from the other legal compendia.

Everyone’s statement may be accepted or rejected—except the statement of the one who rests in that grave, peace and blessings be upon him.

Knowledge is a shoreless sea, dispersed throughout the community and accessible to whoever seeks it.

As for the name “Sahnun,” it is explained as the name of a bird in the Maghreb (2) noted for its sharpness and wariness; it may be pronounced with the sīn opened or rounded.

(1) There is a distinction between fatwa and judicial ruling: a fatwa is a mere act of conveying, whereas a judgment entails origination and compulsion. Al-Qarafi writes in al-Furuq, 4/53: “Both the fatwa and the judgment constitute information about Allah’s ruling, which the listener must accept. In a general sense both bind the accountable person. Yet the fatwa is a report concerning permission or prohibition from Allah, while the judgment is a report whose very meaning is enactment and enforcement on Allah’s behalf.” (2) Tartib al-Madarik, 2/586, and al-Dibaj al-Madhhab, 2/30: praised for his keen acuity in legal questions.
قَالَ أَبُو العَرَبِ عَمَّنْ حَدَّثَهُ: كَانَ الَّذِيْنَ يَحْضُرُونَ مَجْلِسَ سَحْنُوْنَ مِنَ العُبَّادِ أَكْثَرَ مِنَ الطَّلَبَةِ، كَانُوا يَأْتُوْنَ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ أَقْطَارِ الأَرْضِ. وَلَمَّا وَلِيَ سَحْنُوْنُ القَضَاءَ بِأَخَرَةٍ، عُوْتِبَ، فَقَالَ: مَا زِلْتُ فِي القَضَاءِ مُنْذُ أَرْبَعِيْنَ سَنَةً، هَلِ الفُتْيَا إِلا القَضَاءُ (١) ؟! قِيْلَ: إِنَّ الرُّوَاةَ، عَنْ سَحْنُوْنَ بَلَغُوا تِسْعَ مائَةٍ. وَأَصْلُ (المُدَوَّنَةِ) أَسْئِلَةٌ، سَأَلَهَا أَسَدُ بنُ الفُرَاتِ لاِبْنِ القَاسِمِ. فَلَمَّا ارْتَحَلَ سَحْنُوْنُ بِهَا، عَرَضَهَا عَلَى ابْنِ القَاسِمِ، فَأَصْلَحَ فِيْهَا كَثِيْراً، وَأَسْقَطَ، ثُمَّ رَتَّبَهَا سَحْنُوْنُ، وَبَوَّبَهَا. وَاحْتَجَّ لِكَثِيْرٍ مِنْ مَسَائِلِهَا بِالآثَارِ مِنْ مَرْوِيَّاتِهِ، مَعَ أَنَّ فِيْهَا أَشْيَاءَ لاَ يَنْهَضُ دَلِيْلُهَا، بَلْ رَأْيٌ مَحْضٌ. وَحَكَوا أَنَّ سَحْنُوْنَ فِي أَوَاخِرِ الأَمْرِ عَلَّمَ عَلَيْهَا، وَهَمَّ بِإِسْقَاطِهَا وَتَهْذِيْبِ (المُدَوَّنَةِ) ، فَأَدْرَكَتْهُ المَنِيَّةُ ﵀. فَكُبَرَاءُ المَالِكِيَّةِ، يَعْرِفُوْنَ تِلْكَ المَسَائِلَ، وَيُقَرِّرُونَ مِنْهَا مَا قَدَرُوا عَلَيْهِ، وَيُوَهِّنُونَ مَا ضَعُفَ دَلِيْلُهُ. فَهِيَ لَهَا أُسْوَةٌ بِغَيْرِهَا مِنْ دَوَاوِيْنِ الفِقْهِ. وَكُلُّ أَحَدٍ فُيُؤْخَذُ مِنْ قَوْلِهِ وَيُتْرَكُ إِلاَّ صَاحِبَ ذَاكَ القَبْرِ ﷺ تَسْلِيْماً -. فَالعِلْمُ بَحْرٌ بِلاَ سَاحِلٍ، وَهُوَ مُفَرَّقٌ فِي الأُمَّةِ، مَوْجُوْدٌ لِمَنِ التَمَسَهُ. وَتَفْسِيْرُ سَحْنُوْنَ بِأَنَّهُ اسْمُ طَائِرٍ بِالمَغْرِبِ (٢) ، يُوْصَفُ بِالفِطْنَةِ وَالتَّحَرُّزِ، وَهُوَ بِفَتْحِ السِّيْنِ وَبِضَمِّهَا.
(١) ثمت فرق بين الفتيا والقضاء، فالفتيا تبليغ محض، والقضاء إنشاء وإلزام. قال القرافي في " الفروق " ٤ / ٥٣: الفتوى والحكم كلاهما إخبار عن حكم الله تعالى، ويجب على السامع اعتقادهما، وكلاهما يلزم المكلف من حيث الجملة، لكن الفتوى إخبار عن الله تعالى في إلزام أو إباحة، والحكم إخبار معناه الانشاء والالزام من قبل الله تعالى. (٢) في " ترتيب المدارك " ٢ / ٥٨٦، و" الديباج المذهب " ٢ / ٣٠: لحدته في المسائل.

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