scattered themselves beneath the shade of the trees. All of a sudden the people were crowding around the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, so ʿUmar—meaning my father—said, “ʿAbd Allah, go and find out what is happening.” I went over and saw that they were giving their pledge of allegiance. I therefore pledged, returned to ʿUmar, and he in turn came out and pledged.

Al-Bukhārī recorded this report, adding: “Hishām ibn ʿAmmār narrated to us, saying: al-Walīd related to us.” I (the author) say: Duhaim also transmitted it from al-Walīd.

I further say: It was called the “Pledge of Riḍwān” because of the Almighty’s words: “Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to you under the tree; He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down tranquillity upon them and rewarded them with a near victory” (48:18).

Abū ʿAwānah narrated—from Ṭāriq ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān—from Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyib, who said: My father was among those who pledged allegiance to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ beneath the tree. The following year we set out for the pilgrimage, but the spot of the tree was no longer recognizable to us. If you have managed to identify it, you know best. Agreed upon by al-Bukhārī and Muslim.

Ibn Jurayj said: Abū al-Zubayr al-Makkī informed me that he heard Jābir say: Umm Mubashshir told me that she heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say in the presence of Ḥafṣah, “None of the Companions of the Tree—those who pledged beneath it—will enter the Fire, Allah willing.” She replied, “Yet, Messenger of Allah….” He rebuked her and recited, “There is not one of you but will pass over it” (19:71). He then added, “Then We shall save those who were mindful of Allah and leave the wrong-doers crouching therein” (19:72). Muslim recorded it.

I read aloud to ʿAbd al-Ḥāfiẓ ibn Badrān, and Mūsā ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir and al-Ḥusayn ibn Abī Bakr told us, both saying: ʿAbd al-Awwal ibn ʿĪsā informed us