of knowledge.’
I also heard him say, ‘I have never been a Qadarī(1).’
On another occasion I heard a man say to Saʿīd, ‘May Allah prolong your life,’ whereupon he replied, ‘Rather, may Allah hasten me to His mercy.’(2)
Muḥammad ibn Bakkār al-Batalhī reported: Yazīd ibn ʿAbd al-Ṣamad narrated to us; he said, ‘I heard Abū Mushir say, “I heard Saʿīd ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz state: There is no good in life except for one of two men: a silent man who is discerning, or a speaking man who is knowledgeable.”’(3)
ʿUqbah ibn ʿAlqamah al-Bayrūtī said: Saʿīd ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz told me, ‘Whoever does good should hope for reward; whoever does evil should not be surprised by requital. Whoever seizes honour without right, Allah will cause him to inherit humiliation with right, and whoever amasses wealth through injustice, Allah will cause him to inherit poverty without injustice.’
(1) The Muʿtazila, who style themselves “the People of Justice and Monotheism,” are also called the Qadariyya because they grant the servant a self-sufficient power that produces acts independently of God, and they deny that things occur by God’s decree (qadr). The Qadariyya arose toward the end of the Companions’ era. Shaykh al-Islam explains that their innovation stemmed from their minds’ inability to combine belief in God’s predestination with belief in His commands and prohibitions, promises and threats; they deemed such a combination impossible. Although they accepted the religion with its commands, prohibitions, promises, and threats, they imagined that, in that case, God could not have known beforehand who would obey and who would disobey, for they thought it unfitting for one who already knows an outcome to issue a command to someone he knows will disobey. Likewise, they reasoned that if God knew people would act corruptly, it would be improper for Him to create those whom He knew would corrupt. When the Companions heard of their denial of the prior decree, they repudiated it forcefully and dissociated themselves. ʿAbdullah b. ʿUmar said—as related in Sahih Muslim, Book of Faith, no. 8—“Inform those people that I am free of them and they of me. By the One by whom ʿAbdullah b. ʿUmar swears, were any of them to possess gold as great as Mount Uhud and give it in charity, God would not accept it until he believes in the decree.” Most of the debate on this issue took place in Basra and Syria, with some in Medina. In time, their moderates—indeed the majority—acknowledged the prior decree and the pre-existent divine writing, and the dispute shifted to divine will and the creation of human acts, dividing scholars into two camps: (a) the “negators,” who held that will is no more than divine wish (mashiʾa); God wills only what He commands and does not create any of the servants’ acts; (b) the coercionists (mujbira), such as Jahm b. Safwan, who likewise reduced will to mashiʾa but argued that commands and prohibitions do not entail will and that the servant has neither act nor power at all—God alone is the true actor and possessor of power.
(2) Abu Nuʿaym al-Isfahani, Hilyat al-awliyaʾ, vol. 6, p. 125.
(3) Ibn ʿAsakir, Tahdhib tarikh Dimashq, vol. 6, p. 153.