ʿUthmān, he died in Mecca as an unbeliever, whereas al-Ḥakam embraced Islam and was martyred at Biʾr Maʿūnah. The qiblah was changed in the month of Rajab, or thereabout—Allah knows best.

The Great Battle of Badr (from Ibn Isḥāq’s Sīrah, as transmitted by al-Bakkāʾī)

Ibn Isḥāq said: The Prophet ﷺ learnt that Abū Sufyān ibn Ḥarb was returning from Syria with a Quraysh caravan carrying a great deal of merchandise. It had thirty or forty Quraysh men with it, among them Makhramah ibn Nawfal and ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ. The Prophet ﷺ declared, “Here is the Quraysh caravan with their wealth; go out against it—perhaps Allah will grant it to you as booty.” People volunteered: some eagerly, others slowly, thinking the Prophet ﷺ would not engage in battle.

Abū Sufyān, however, sensed danger and dispatched a messenger to Quraysh to rally them in defence of their property. They set out in haste, and none of their chiefs stayed behind, save that Abū Lahab sent al-ʿĀṣ, the brother of Abū Jahl, in his place. No one from Banū ʿAdī ibn Kaʿb went out. Umayyah ibn Khalaf, an elderly and heavy-set man, had resolved to remain behind, but ʿUqbah ibn Abī Muʿayṭ came upon him in the mosque, set a censer of incense before him and said, “Abū ʿAlī, perfume yourself, for you are only one of the women!” Umayyah retorted, “May Allah disgrace you,” then equipped himself and joined the expedition.

The Prophet ﷺ departed on the eighth of Ramadan, appointing ʿAmr ibn Umm Maktūm to lead the prayers in Madinah. From al-Rawḥāʾ he sent Abū Lubābah back and placed him in charge of the city, and he entrusted the banner to Muṣʿab ibn ʿUmayr. Ahead of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ were two black standards: one carried by ʿAlī and the other by an Anṣārī man. The standard of the Anṣār was with Saʿd ibn Muʿādh.