Muḥammad, son of Sultan Khwarazmshah Tekish, son of Khwarazmshah Arslan, son of King Atsiz ibn Muḥammad ibn Nushtekin al-Khwarazmī.
He seized the realm; nations submitted to him, and many marvels befell him. I possess his full biography in a separate volume (1). When the Tatars swept into Transoxiana (2), his father ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn acted at once and appointed his son Jalāl al-Dīn as his gālisha (3) with fifteen thousand men. He then plunged deep into the country, but the Mongols surrounded him; battle was joined, he was routed, and only after great effort did he extricate himself and reach safety.
As for his father, he kept retreating before the enemy until he died an exile in 617 AH, on an island in the sea.
Shihāb al-Nasawī, the secretary, (4) said: “Jalāl al-Dīn was dark-skinned, Turkish, short, and his diction was unclear; he spoke Turkish and Persian. As for his courage, what I have already mentioned of his engagements is enough: he was a lion, a formidable beast, the boldest of his horsemen in attack. He was neither quick-tempered nor foul-mouthed, but dignified, laughing only with a smile and speaking little. He preferred justice, yet he lived in days of turmoil and was overpowered.”
Al-Muwafaq ʿAbd al-Laṭīf said: “He was dark, sallow, thin, and unattractive, because his mother—”