Siyar Aʿlām al-NubalāʾShams al‑Din al‑Dhahabi

167 – The ruler of Ghazna, Muḥammad ibn Sām ibn Ḥusayn al-Ghūrī

He is the great sultan, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Abū al-Fatḥ Muḥammad ibn Sām ibn Ḥusayn al-Ghūrī, the brother of Sultan Shihāb al-Dīn al-Ghūrī.

ʿIzz al-Dīn ibn al-Buzūrī (1) said: “He was a just sovereign and lavish with his wealth. He treated his subjects kindly and compassionately; under him the ‘frontiers of the days’ smiled, and every season flourished thanks to his presence.

He drew the scholars near, cherished men of merit, built mosques, ribāṭs (Sufi hospices) and madrasahs, poured out charity, and erected caravanserais.

I say: The rise of their dynasty began with their fighting their own sultan, Bahrām Shāh ibn Masʿūd of the Sabuktiginid line. The head of the people of Ghūr at the time was ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Ḥusayn ibn al-Ḥasan. Bahrām Shāh defeated him more than once and killed his brothers, but ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn eventually gained the upper hand, assumed the sultanate, and appointed his two nephews, Ghiyāth al-Dīn and Shihāb al-Dīn, the sons of Sām, as commanders. They then fought him, captured him, treated him with courtesy, and restored him to his throne. He submitted, married his sons to their daughters, and made the pair his heirs. When he died in the year 556 AH, the aforementioned Ghiyāth al-Dīn ascended the throne and took possession of Ghazna. The Ghuzz (Oghuz Turks) then overpowered him and held Ghazna for fifteen years.

Afterward Shihāb al-Dīn rose up, routed the Ghuzz, slew multitudes of them, and conquered the lands.

(*) His life is recorded in the major chronicles of his period. See: Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil, vol. 12, p. 75; al-Mundhiri, Takmila, entry 759; Ibn al-Saʿi, al-Jamiʿ al-mukhtasar, vol. 9, p. 105; Ibn al-Fuwati, Talkhis, vol. 4, entry 1799; Abu al-Fida, al-Mukhtasar, vol. 3, p. 34; al-Dhahabi, Tarikh al-Islam, fol. 259 (Topkapi Ahmed III 2917/14); al-ʿIbar, vol. 4, p. 308; Duwal al-Islam, vol. 2, p. 80; Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaya, vol. 13, p. 34; al-Ghasani, al-ʿAsjad, fol. 108; Ibn Taghribirdi, al-Nujum, vol. 6, p. 184; Ibn al-ʿImad, al-Shadharat, vol. 4, p. 342; and other works. (1) Cited in the Dhayl (Supplement) to al-Muntazam, a volume that has not come down to us. Ibn al-Bazuri died in 694 AH.
١٦٧ - صَاحِبُ غَزْنَةَ مُحَمَّدُ بنُ سَامِ بنِ حُسَيْنٍ الغُوْرِيُّ * السُّلْطَانُ الكَبِيْرُ، غِيَاثُ الدِّيْنِ، أَبُو الفَتْحِ مُحَمَّدُ بنُ سَامِ بنِ حُسَيْنٍ الغُوْرِيُّ، أَخُو السُّلْطَانِ شِهَابِ الدِّيْنِ الغُوْرِيِّ. قَالَ عِزّ الدِّيْنِ ابْن البُزُوْرِيِّ (١) : كَانَ ملكاً عَادِلاً، وَللمَال باذلاً، فَكَانَ محسناً إِلَى الرَّعِيَّةِ، رَؤُوْفاً بِهِم، كَانَتْ بِهِ ثُغُور الأَيَّام باسمَة، وَكلّهَا بوجُوْده موَاسم. قرّب العُلَمَاء، وَأَحَبّ الفُضَلاَء، وَبَنَى المَسَاجِد وَالرُّبُط وَالمدَارس، وَأَدرّ الصَّدَقَات، وَبَنَى الخَانَات. قُلْتُ: كَانَ ابْتدَاء دَوْلَتهِم مُحَارَبَتَهُم لسُلْطَانِهِم بَهْرَامَ شَاه بنِ مَسْعُوْدٍ السُبُكْتِكِيْنِيِّ، وَكَانَ رَأْس أَهْل الغوْر عَلاَء الدِّيْنِ الحُسَيْن بن الحَسَنِ، فَهَزمه بَهْرَامُ شَاه غَيْرَ مَرَّةٍ، وَقَتَلَ إِخْوَته، ثُمَّ تَمَكَّنَ عَلاَء الدِّيْنِ، وَتسلطن، وَأَمّر ابْنَي أَخِيْهِ غِيَاث الدِّيْنِ وَشِهَاب الدِّيْنِ ابْنَي سَام، ثُمَّ قَاتلاَهُ، وَأَسرَاهُ، ثُمَّ تَأَدّبا مَعَهُ، وَردَّاهُ إِلَى ملكه، فَخضع، وَصَاهرهُمَا عَلَى بنِيه، وَجَعَلهُمَا وَلِيَّي عَهْده، فَلَمَّا مَاتَ فِي سَنَةِ سِتٍّ وَخَمْسِيْنَ، تَسَلَّطن غِيَاث الدِّيْنِ المَذْكُوْر، وَاسْتَوْلَى عَلَى غَزْنَة، ثُمَّ قَهره الغُزّ، وَاسْتولُوا عَلَى غَزْنَة خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً. ثُمَّ نَهَضَ شِهَاب الدِّيْنِ، وَهَزَمَ الغُزَّ، وَقَتَلَ مِنْهُم خَلاَئِق، وَافتَتَح البِلاَد
(*) أخباره في التواريخ المستوعبة لعصره، وترجم له ابن الأثير في الكامل: ١٢ / ٧٥، والمنذري في التكملة، الترجمة: ٧٥٩، وابن الساعي في الجامع المختصر: ٩ / ١٠٥، وابن الفوطي في تلخيصه: ٤ / الترجمة: ١٧٩٩، وأبو الفداء في المختصر: ٣ / ٣٤، والذهبي في تاريخ الإسلام، الورقة ٢٥٩ (أحمد الثالث ٢٩١٧ / ١٤) ، والعبر: ٤ / ٣٠٨، ودول الإسلام: ٢ / ٨٠، وابن كثير في البداية: ١٣ / ٣٤، والغساني في العسجد، الورقة: ١٠٨، وابن تغري بردي في النجوم: ٦ / ١٨٤، وابن العماد في الشذرات: ٤ / ٣٤٢، وغيرهم. (١) في (الذيل) على (المنتظم) ، ولم يصل إلينا، وتوفي ابن البزوري سنة ٦٩٤.

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