he conquered Yemen, and Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn then marched forth and wrested Damascus from the son of Nūr al-Dīn (1).
In 571 AH he laid siege to ʿAzāz (2), whereupon members of the Bāṭiniyya (Assassins) attacked and wounded him.
In 573 AH the Franks routed him at Ramla; he fled with a small band and escaped.
In 575 AH he met them again and crushed them (3).
In 576 AH he ordered the construction of the Mountain Citadel (Qalʿat al-Jabal).
In 578 AH he crossed the Euphrates and captured Harran, Saruj, Raqqa, Edessa, Sinjar, al-Birah, Amid, and Nisibin; he besieged Mosul, then took Aleppo, granting its ruler Zanki Sinjar in compensation. He went on to invest Mosul a second and a third time until its lord, ʿIzz al-Dīn Masʿūd, concluded a peace treaty with him. He subsequently seized Shahrazur and al-Bawazij (4).
In 583 AH he took Tiberias and encamped before Asqalan. Next came the battle of Ḥiṭṭīn between him and the Franks, forty thousand strong; he cut them off from water on a hilltop, so they surrendered and their kings were taken captive. Pressing on, he seized Acre, Beirut, and Kawkab, then marched to Jerusalem, besieged it with determination, and captured the city under terms of safe conduct.