Many accounts record their exploits and circumstances.

It is said that Maḥmūd drove the Ghuzz from Marw and seized the city, but they soon regrouped, routed him, and cut down his cavalry. He therefore appealed to the Khitāʾ, returned with a mighty army, and expelled the Ghuzz from Sarakhs, Nasa, Marw, and Abīward, taking control of all those towns.

After that he wrote to Ghiyāth al-Dīn al-Ghūrī, requesting that Herat be handed over to him. Ghiyāth sent word ordering him to have the khuṭbah proclaimed in Ghiyāth’s name, yet Maḥmūd refused, launched raids, oppressed the people, and rebelled. The Ghūrī then advanced to fight him. Maḥmūd fell back and gathered troops, while Ghiyāth al-Dīn and his brother—the ruler of India, Shihāb al-Dīn—mustered their forces against him. When the two armies met, Maḥmūd’s ranks collapsed and he shut himself up in Marw. His brother Tekish hastened over, harassed Maḥmūd, and besieged him until he was exhausted. In desperation Maḥmūd set out to enter Ghiyāth’s service; the latter received him with great honour and lodged him at his side. Tekish then sent to Ghiyāth ordering him to arrest his brother, but Ghiyāth refused. Tekish replied with threats, so Ghiyāth prepared to march against him.

Maḥmūd died on the last day of Ramaḍān in 589 AH. Ghiyāth treated Maḥmūd’s soldiers generously and enlisted them in his own army.

109 – Abū Madyan Shuʿayb ibn Ḥusayn al-Andalusī *

The ascetic, spiritual master of the Maghrib. He was from the fortress of Mantūjat (1) in the district of Seville. He travelled far and wide, residing for a time in Bijāya and later in Tilimsān.