and he purchased its land with the wealth he had brought from the Saharan Sudan. Jabal al-Thalj (Snow Mountain) was his, his armies multiplied, and kings stood in awe of him. A thorough-bred Berber, he moved when the Franks revolted in al-Andalus: Ibn Tāshfīn crossed the strait to support Islam and crushed the enemy (1). Al-Andalus pleased him, so he seized it, arrested Ibn ʿAbbād, imprisoned him, and treated him harshly.
It is also said that Ibn Tāshfīn was markedly forgiving and drew the scholars close. He was brown-skinned and lean, with a sparse beard and a thin voice; a skilled and resolute statesman who had the Friday sermon delivered in the name of the caliph of Iraq. Yet he possessed the frugality for which the Berbers are known. He ruled for a little over thirty years, he and his troops constantly wearing a tight face-veil; among them were courage, arrogance, and severity. Robes of honour were sent to him by al-Mustazhir (2).
(1) In the famous Battle of az-Zallaqa—a plain in the province of Batalyaws in western al-Andalus—the advancing Frankish infidel force that had set out from Toledo was decisively routed in 479 H/1086 CE. For a full account see al-Rawd al-Mi‘tar, pp. 287-292; Nafh al-Tib, 4:354-371; Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil, 10:151-155; and Wafayat al-A‘yan, 7:115 ff. After the victory, Yusuf b. Tashfin received the oath of allegiance from the thirteen Andalusian kings and princes who had fought alongside him, and they greeted him with the title Amir al-Muslimin (Commander of the Muslims), whereas previously he had been called simply al-Amir. From that day he struck a new coinage whose dinar bore the legend: “La ilaha illa Allah Muhammad rasul Allah” (There is no deity but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God), beneath which appeared: “Amir al-Muslimin Yusuf b. Tashfin.” Around the margin he inscribed: “Whoever seeks a religion other than Islam, it will never be accepted from him, and he will be among the losers in the Hereafter” (Quran 3:85). On the reverse was written: “Al-amir ‘Abd Allah, the Abbasid Commander of the Faithful,” with the place and date of minting around the edge.
(2) Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil, 10:417, describes Yusuf b. Tashfin as patient, generous, devout, and virtuous; he loved the scholars and the pious, appointed them as arbiters in his realm, and went to great lengths to honor them and heed their counsel. Whenever one of them admonished him, he listened with humility, his heart softened, and the effect showed on him. He delighted in pardoning and overlooking even grave offences. On one occasion three men met together: one wished for a thousand dinars with which to trade, the second wished for an official post under the Amir al-Muslimin, and the third wished for the hand of Yusuf’s wife, the Nafzawiyyah, renowned for her beauty and influence. When the report reached Yusuf he summoned them: he gave the money-seeker a thousand dinars, appointed the second to office, and said to the third, “Ignorant man, what made you crave what you can never attain?” He then sent him to her. She left him in a tent for three days, providing him each day with a single dish of food, and afterward she summoned him and said: “Have you eaten this