Siyar Aʿlām al-NubalāʾShams al‑Din al‑Dhahabi

the rallying cry, and Muslims and unbelievers alike were thrown into panic. The guards mustered and surrounded us, whereupon I proclaimed the call to prayer. Their cavalry converged on the cordon, and we shouted to them, “I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, and that ʿAbhala is an impostor!” We then hurled the severed head to them. The iqāmah was given and the prayer was established, after which the men launched a sweeping assault.

We cried out, “People of Ṣanʿāʾ! If anyone forces his way into your home, seize him!” Plunder and captives became abundant. Ṣanʿāʾ and the army were liberated, and Allah strengthened Islam.

Afterwards we began to vie for the governorship. The Companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ consulted one another and agreed upon Muʿādh ibn Jabal, who then led us in prayer. We wrote to the Prophet ﷺ with the good news, but by the time our envoys arrived he had passed away that very morning, and it was Abū Bakr—may Allah be pleased with him—who replied to us.

Al-Wāqidī reports from his teachers that Abū Bakr sent Qays ibn Makshūḥ to Yemen; he and Fayrūz al-Daylamī killed al-Aswad al-ʿAnsī. Qays has further exploits: he later apostatized, was captured by the Muslims, pardoned by Abū Bakr, and was eventually killed fighting alongside ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn.

Usāmah ibn Zayd’s Expedition

Hishām ibn ʿUrwah relates from his father that, during his final illness, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ kept saying, “Dispatch Usāmah’s army.” Usāmah marched until he reached al-Jurf. His wife, Fāṭimah bint Qays, sent word to him: “Do not hasten, for the Messenger of Allah ﷺ is gravely ill.” He therefore remained until the Messenger of Allah ﷺ passed away. After the Prophet’s death he returned to Abū Bakr and said, “The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent me out under different circumstances. I fear the Arabs may apostatize; if they do, they will be the first we fight, and if they do not, I shall proceed, for the nobles and the best of the people are with me.”

Abū Bakr then addressed the community and declared, “By Allah, for birds to snatch me away would be dearer to me than that I should begin anything before carrying out the command of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.” Accordingly, he dispatched Usāmah but asked him to let ʿUmar stay behind with him, instructing Usāmah to strike hard in battle, cutting off hands, feet, and midsections of the enemy. He said:

بالشعار، ففزع المسلمون والكافرون، واجتمع الحرس فأحاطوا بنا، ثم ناديت بالأذان، وتوافت خيولهم إلى الحرس، فنادينهم: أشهد أن محمدا رسول الله، وأن عبهلة كذاب، وألقينا إليهم الرأس، وأقام وبر الصلاة، وشنها القوم غارة، ونادينا: يا أهل صنعاء من دخل عليه داخل فتعلقوا به، فكثر النهب والسبي، وخلصت صنعاء والجند، وأعز الله الإسلام، وتنافسنا الإمارة، وتراجع أصحاب رسول الله ﷺ، فاصطلحنا على معاذ بن جبل، فكان يصلي بنا، وكتبنا إلى النبي ﷺ الخير فقدمت رسلنا، وقد قبض النبي ﷺ صبيحتئذ فأجابنا أبو بكر ﵁. وروى الواقدي عن رجاله، قال: بعث أبو بكر قيس بن مكشوح إلى اليمن، فقتل الأسود العنسي، هو وفيروز الديلمي ولقيس هذا أخبار، وقد ارتد، ثم أسره المسلمون فعفا عنه أبو بكر، وقتل مع علي بصفين. جيش أسامة بن زيد ﵄: قال هشام بن عروة، عن أبيه، قال: جعل رسول الله ﷺ يقول في مرضه: "أنفذوا جيش أسامة"، فسار حتى بلغ الجرف، فأرسلت إليه امرأته فاطمة بنت قيس تقول: لا تعجل فإن رسول الله ﷺ ثقيل، فلم يبرح حتى قبض رسول الله ﷺ، فلما قبض رجع إلى أبي بكر فقال: إن رسول الله ﷺ بعثني وأنا على غير حالكم هذه، وأنا أتخوف أن تكفر العرب، وإن كفرت كانوا أول من نقاتل، وإن لم تكفر مضيت، فإن معي سروات الناس وخيارهم، قال: فخطب أبو بكر الناس، ثم قال: والله لأن تخطفني الطير أحب إلي من أن أبدأ بشيء قبل أمر رسول الله ﷺ، قال: فبعثه أبو بكر، واستأذن لعمر أن يتركه عنده، وأمر أن يجزر في القوم، أن يقطع الأيدي، والأرجل والأوساط في القتال، قال:

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