Siyar Aʿlām al-NubalāʾShams al‑Din al‑Dhahabi

Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḥimyārī in Egypt related to us; Khālid ibn Najīḥ related to us; Sufyān al-Thawrī, from Ibn Jurayj, from Faʾfaʾah, from al-Aʿmash, from Mujāhid, from ʿĀʾishah—
from the Prophet ﷺ who said: “Do not revile the dead, for they have reached the consequence of what they put forward.”

I read this report in Egypt to Abū al-Maʿālī Aḥmad ibn Isḥāq; ʿAbd al-Salām ibn Fatḥah al-Sarfūlī informed us. Barqūh narrated it to us in person in the year 618; Shahrdār ibn Shīrawayh al-Daylamī informed us in the year (554); Aḥmad ibn ʿUmar al-Bayyiʿ informed us; Ḥumayd ibn Maʾmūn informed us; Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shīrāzī, in his book al-Alqāb, informed us. After citing the hadith he added:

“Faʾfaʾah is Abū Muʿāwiyah the Blind.”

Ibn Mākūlā said: “Rather, he is Ismāʿīl al-Kindī, one of Baqiyyah’s teachers.”

This hadith is also recorded in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī (1): “Ādam related to us; Shuʿbah related to us, from al-Aʿmash,” which raises the chain for us by several degrees—it is as though I had personally met the Shīrāzī through it.

Shīrawayh al-Daylamī says in his book al-Ṭabaqāt: “The emir Abū Naṣr, known as the vizier Saʿd al-Mulk ibn Mākūlā, came as an envoy on several occasions. I heard from him; he was a meticulous ḥāfiẓ, wholly devoted to this discipline, and after al-Khaṭīb there was no one in his time superior to him.”

(1) No. 393, Book of Funerals, “Chapter: The prohibition of reviling the dead.” It is also recorded as no. 6516 in “Heart-Softeners,” via the chain of ‘Ali ibn al-Jad from Shu‘bah; likewise in Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 4899, and in al-Nasa’i, 4/52–53. The verb “afdaw” means “they have arrived at (or confronted) the outcome of what they themselves did, whether good or bad.” Many scholars infer from this hadith the absolute ban on insulting the dead. Ibn Hajar, however, states that the soundest position is that it is permissible to mention the vices of deceased unbelievers or flagrant sinners when the aim is to warn others and deter them. Hence the general dictum “Do not revile the dead” is qualified by Anas’s report in al-Bukhari (1367) and Muslim (949), in which the Prophet said, after his Companions spoke well or ill of certain deceased persons, “It has become inevitable; you are Allah’s witnesses on earth,” without objecting to their comments. The scholars are unanimously agreed that it is legitimate to criticise unreliable hadith transmitters, whether they are alive or deceased.
مُحَمَّدُ بنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الحِمْيَرِيّ بِمِصْرَ، حَدَّثَنَا خَالِدُ بنُ نَجِيْح، حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ الثَّوْرِيُّ، عَنِ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ، عَنْ فَأْفَأَةَ، عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ: عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ: (لاَ تَسُبُّوا الأَمْوَاتَ، فَإِنَّهُمْ قَدْ أَفْضَوا إِلَى مَا قَدَّمُوا) . وَقرَأْتُهُ بِمِصْرَ عَلَى أَبِي المَعَالِي أَحْمَدَ بنِ إِسْحَاقَ، أَخْبَرَنَا عبدُ السَّلاَّم بن فَتحَة السَّرْفُولِيّ، حَدَّثَنَا برقوه سَنَة ثَمَان عَشْرَةَ وَسِتِّ مائَة حُضُوْراً، أَخْبَرَنَا شَهْردَارُ بنُ شِيْرَوَيْه الدَّيْلمِيّ سَنَة (٥٥٤) ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بنُ عُمَرَ البَيِّع، أَخْبَرَنَا حُمَيْد بن مَأْمُوْن، أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الشِّيْرَازِيّ فِي كِتَابِ (الأَلقَاب) لَهُ، فَذَكَره ثُمَّ قَالَ: وَفَأْفَأَةُ هُوَ أَبُو مُعَاوِيَةَ الضّرِير. وَقَالَ ابْنُ مَاكُوْلا: بَلْ هُوَ إِسْمَاعِيْل الكِنْدِيّ شَيْخٌ لبَقِيَّة. وَالحَدِيْث فَفِي (صَحِيْح البُخَارِيّ (١)) :حَدَّثَنَا آدَم، حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ، فَهُوَ يَعلو لَنَا بدرجَات، فَكَأَنِّي لَقِيْتُ فِيْهِ الشيرَازِيَّ. قَالَ شِيْرَوَيْه الدّيلمِيّ فِي كِتَابِ (الطَّبَقَات) لَهُ: كَانَ الأَمِيْر أَبُو نَصْرٍ يُعْرَفُ بِالوَزِيْر سَعْدِ المُلْكِ ابْنِ مَاكُوْلا، قَدِمَ رَسُوْلاً مرَاراً. سَمِعْتُ مِنْهُ، وَكَانَ حَافِظاً مُتْقِناً، عُنِي بِهَذَا الشَّأْن، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِي زَمَانِهِ بَعْدَ الخَطِيْب
(١) رقم (٣٩٣) في الجنائز: باب ما ينهى عن سب الاموات، وأخرجه أيضا (٦٥١٦) في الرقاق من طريق علي بن الجعد عن شعبة به، وهو في سنن أبي داود (٤٨٩٩) والنسائي ٤ / ٥٢، ٥٣. وقوله: " أفضوا " أي: وصلوا إلى ما عملوا من خير أو شر، واستدل بهذا الحديث على منع سب الاموات مطلقا، قال الحافظ ابن حجر: وأصح ما قيل في ذلك أن أموات الكفار والفساق يجوز ذكر؟ ساوئهم للتحذير منهم، والتنفير عنهم وأن عموم قوله: " لا تسبوا الاموات " مخصوص بحديث أنس عند البخاري (١٣٦٧) ومسلم (٩٤٩) حيث قال النبي ﷺ عند ثنائهم بالخير والشر: " وجبت وأنتم شهداء الله في الأرض " ولم ينكر عليهم، وقد اتفق العلماء على جواز جرح المجروحين من الرواة أحياء وأمواتا.

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