, and al-Mulk (1) and al-Iqnāʿ, a concise digest of the madhhab (2).
It is also said that during his lifetime he never released any of his writings; rather, he gathered them in a single place. When death drew near, he told a man he trusted:
“All the books kept in such-and-such a spot are my own compositions. I have not made them public because I never found within myself a wholly pure intention. When I come face to face with death and enter its throes, place your hand in mine. If I clasp it and squeeze it, know that nothing of those works has been accepted from me, so take the books and cast them into the Tigris (3). But if I loosen my hand, know that they have been accepted.”
The man recounted: “When he was at the point of death, I placed my hand in his, and he opened it….”
— a kind of general constitutional charter for the state and the principles on which it rests. It was first published in Bonn in 1853, then translated into French and issued in Algiers in 1915. Several uncritical Arabic reprints have appeared since.
(1) This is a single work. Haji Khalifa cites it twice in Kashf al-zunun, 2/1011 and 1315. In it the author discusses the vizier’s status, qualities and duties, making the treatise a standard reference in its field. Maktabat al-Khanji (Cairo) brought out an edition in 1929, and Dar al-Tali‘a (Beirut) reissued it in 1979 with a study and critical notes by Dr. Ridwan al-Sayyid.
(2) Al-Mawardi composed the book at the request of the caliph al-Qadir bi-llah, who, after hearing it, said: “May God safeguard your religion as you have safeguarded ours.” See Mu‘jam al-udaba’, 15/54–55. Among his other printed works is A‘lam al-nubuwwah, a concise treatise in twenty-one chapters: the first on the distinctive proofs of prophethood, the second on their various categories and rulings. It was printed at the Mustafa Muhammad Press in 1319/1901. His unpublished writings include Amthal al-Quran (also titled al-Amthal wa-l-hikam) and Tashil al-nazar wa ta‘jil al-zafar, a study of politics and forms of government. See Mustafa al-Saqqa’s introduction to Adab al-dunya wa-l-din. Verses attributed to him read:
Ignorance is death before its time for those who bear it; / their very bodies are tombs before the grave.
If a man’s breast is not revived by knowledge, / he will have no resurrection, even when the dead are raised.
See Mu‘jam al-udaba’, 15/53.
(3) Ibn Khallikan adds: “by night.”