Siyar Aʿlām al-NubalāʾShams al‑Din al‑Dhahabi

in order to put him to death. Abū Ḥayyān fled, sought shelter with his enemies, and his florid speech and lies found ready acceptance among them. Before long, however, they uncovered the ugliness of his inner life and the corruption of his creed—the atheism he kept hidden, the ruin he aimed to unleash within Islam, the vile charges he pinned on the eminent Companions, and the scandals he attributed to the righteous early generations. The vizier al-Muhallabī then set out to seize him, whereupon he went into hiding and died in concealment—may Allah have relieved the community of him—and nothing has come down from him save some blemish or disgrace. (1)

Abū’l-Faraj Ibn al-Jawzī said: “The arch-heretics of Islam are three: Ibn al-Rāwandī, Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī, and Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī. The most injurious to Islam is Abū Ḥayyān, for the other two stated their unbelief openly, whereas he prevaricated and never spoke plainly.” (2)

I (the author) say: He was among the students of ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-Rummānī (3), and I have seen him go to excess in venerating al-Rummānī in the book he composed in praise of al-Jāḥiẓ—so consider well the one who praises and the one who is praised! Of the three, al-Rummānī is the soundest, despite his Muʿtazilite and Shiʿite leanings.

Abū Ḥayyān also produced a large work on the mysticism of the sages and the ascetics among the philosophers, a book he titled al-Baṣāʾir wa-l-Dhakhāʾir (4), and another called al-Ṣadīq

(1) See al-Subki, Tabaqat, vol. 5, p. 287. (2) Ibn al-Jawzi’s remark is quoted by al-Subki in Tabaqat, 5:288, and by al-Suyuti in Bughyat al-Wu‘at, 2:191. Abu Hayyan’s biography is not found in Ibn al-Jawzi’s al-Muntazam, yet the latter cites a similar, more detailed criticism when discussing Abu al-Ala al-Ma‘arri in al-Muntazam, 8:183, 185. Al-Subki comes to Abu Hayyan’s defence, arguing that al-Dhahabi’s attack—fuelled, he says, by a latent dislike of the Sufis—rests only on those two passages; nothing decisive has reached him to warrant such disparagement. Having examined much of Abu Hayyan’s work, he finds merely a strong-willed author who looked down on his contemporaries, which is no ground for the severity shown toward him. His own father, the Imam (may Allah have mercy on him), when asked, gave a similar judgement (Tabaqat, 5:288). (3) His biography was given earlier in vol. 16. (4) The first volume was edited by ‘Abd al-Razzaq Muhyi al-Din (Baghdad, 1954) and, independently, by Ahmad Amin and Ahmad Saqr (Cairo, 1953); the complete text was later printed in Damascus.
لِيَقتُلَهُ، فَهَرَبَ، وَالتَجَأَ إِلَى أَعدَائِه، وَنَفَقَ عَلَيْهِم تزخرفُهُ وَإِفكُه، ثُمَّ عَثَرُوا مِنْهُ عَلَى قَبِيح دِخْلَتِهِ وَسُوءِ عقيدَتِهِ، وَمَا يُبطِنُه مِنَ الإِلْحَاد، وَيرومُهُ فِي الإِسْلاَمِ مِنَ الفسَاد، وَمَا يُلصِقُه بِأَعلاَمِ الصَّحَابَة مِنَ القبَائِح، وَيُضِيفُه إِلَى السَّلَفِ الصَّالِحِ مِنَ الفضَائِح، فَطَلَبَهُ الوَزِيْرُ المُهَلَّبِيّ، فَاسْتَتَر مِنْهُ، وَمَاتَ فِي الاسْتتَارِ، وَأَرَاح اللهُ، وَلَمْ يُؤْثَر عَنْهُ إِلاَّ مثلبَةٌ أَوْ مُخزيَة (١) . وَقَالَ أَبُو الفَرَجِ ابْنُ الجَوْزِيِّ: زَنَادقَةُ الإِسْلاَمِ ثَلاَثَةٌ: ابْنُ الرَّاوَنْدِي، وَأَبُو حَيَّانَ التَّوْحِيْدِيُّ، وَأَبُو العَلاَءِ المَعَرِيُّ، وَأَشدُّهُم عَلَى الإِسْلاَم أَبُو حَيَّانَ، لأَنَّهُمَا صَرَّحَا، وَهُوَ مَجْمَجَ وَلَمْ يُصرِّح (٢) . قُلْتُ: وَكَانَ مِنْ تَلاَمِذَة عَلِيِّ بن عِيْسَى الرُّمَّانِي (٣) ، وَرَأَيْتُهُ يُبالغ فِي تَعَظِيْم الرُّمَّانِي فِي كِتَابِهِ الَّذِي أَلّفه فِي تَقْرِيظ الجَاحظ، فَانْظُرْ إِلَى المَادحِ وَالممدوحِ! وَأَجودُ الثَّلاَثَةِ الرُّمَّانِيُّ مَعَ اعتِزَالِهِ وَتَشيُّعِهِ. وأَبُو حَيَّانَ لَهُ مُصَنّفٌ كَبِيْر فِي تَصوُّفِ الحُكَمَاءِ، وَزُهَّاد الفَلاَسِفَة، وَكِتَابٌ سَمَّاهُ (البصَائِرَ وَالذَّخَائِرَ (٤)) ، وَكِتَاب (الصَّديق
(١) انظر " طبقات " السبكي ٥ / ٢٨٧. (٢) ذكر قول ابن الجوزي السبكي في " الطبقات " ٥ / ٢٨٨، والسيوطي في " بغية الوعاة " ٢ / ١٩١. ولم نجد ترجمة أبي حيان في " المنتظم "، وابن الجوزي ذكر نحوا من هذا الكلام وبأوسع منه في ترجمة أبي العلاء المعري في " المنتظم " ٨ / ١٨٣، ١٨٥، وقد دافع السبكي عن أبي حيان، فقال: الحامل للذهبي على الوقيعة في التوحيدي مع ما يبطنه من بغض الصوفية! هذان الكلامان، ولم يثبت عندي إلى الآن من حال أبي حيان ما يوجب الوقيعة فيه، ووقفت على كثير من كلامه، فلم أجد فيه إلا ما يدل على أنه كان قوي النفس، مزدريا بأهل عصره، ولا يوجب هذا القدر أن ينال منه هذا النيل، وسئل الامام الوالد ﵀ عنه، فأجاب بقريب مما أقول: " الطبقات " ٥ / ٢٨٨. (٣) مرت ترجمته في الجزء السادس عشر. (٤) نشر الجزء الأول منه الدكتور عبد الرزاق محيي الدين في بغداد سنة ١٩٥٤، ونشره في القاهرة سنة ١٩٥٣ أحمد أمين وأحمد صقر. ثم طبع بتمامه في دمشق.

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