in order to put him to death. Abū Ḥayyān fled, sought shelter with his enemies, and his florid speech and lies found ready acceptance among them. Before long, however, they uncovered the ugliness of his inner life and the corruption of his creed—the atheism he kept hidden, the ruin he aimed to unleash within Islam, the vile charges he pinned on the eminent Companions, and the scandals he attributed to the righteous early generations. The vizier al-Muhallabī then set out to seize him, whereupon he went into hiding and died in concealment—may Allah have relieved the community of him—and nothing has come down from him save some blemish or disgrace. (1)
Abū’l-Faraj Ibn al-Jawzī said: “The arch-heretics of Islam are three: Ibn al-Rāwandī, Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī, and Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī. The most injurious to Islam is Abū Ḥayyān, for the other two stated their unbelief openly, whereas he prevaricated and never spoke plainly.” (2)
I (the author) say: He was among the students of ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-Rummānī (3), and I have seen him go to excess in venerating al-Rummānī in the book he composed in praise of al-Jāḥiẓ—so consider well the one who praises and the one who is praised! Of the three, al-Rummānī is the soundest, despite his Muʿtazilite and Shiʿite leanings.
Abū Ḥayyān also produced a large work on the mysticism of the sages and the ascetics among the philosophers, a book he titled al-Baṣāʾir wa-l-Dhakhāʾir (4), and another called al-Ṣadīq