in a single, uniform order, for a Companion may transmit a report from another Companion who heard it from the Prophet ﷺ. An untrained reader might then mistake the first narrator for a Successor, search for him among the Successors, and not find him. Likewise, a Successor might relate a mursal report directly from the Prophet ﷺ; the same inexperienced reader would suppose him to be a Companion, look him up under the Companions, and come up empty-handed. A Companion might be recorded twice—once among the Companions and again among those who came after them. A Companion who narrates from someone other than the Prophet ﷺ might be omitted from the Companions’ section, while a Successor transmitting a mursal report from the Prophet ﷺ might be inserted among the Companions. When, however, everyone is listed in a single continuous sequence, all of these pitfalls disappear, and each entry can state plainly whether its subject is a Companion or not. (1)
For this reason al-Mizzī arranged the men in his book alphabetically, extending the sequence through their fathers and grandfathers, and he catalogued the women according to the same scheme as well. (2)
As I have already remarked, the value of organising biographies by strata is felt chiefly in the earliest Islamic centuries. The further the book carries us through history, the less distinctly those strata can be sensed. Hence, in Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ we discern a kind of chronological flow in the sections that follow those first epochs. Moreover, the work contains a considerable number of biographies whose subjects have no link to hadith transmission or scholarship—much less to direct meeting—such as kings, viziers, caliphs, sultans, physicians, poets, and the like. Yet al-Dhahabī’s view of history, together with his intellectual formation within the world of hadith and its scholars, led him to maintain the stratified arrangement right to the end of the book, despite its limited usefulness in the later centuries and the inclusion of figures who were never transmitters at all.