first appears in the east after the last of them has set in the west, because the distance is not great.
The evidence for treating the stars as a means of guidance is His saying, Exalted is He: “And by the stars they are guided.” [al-Nahl 16:16] Allah thus states guidance by the stars without qualification; hence, the stars may be used to determine directions for every purpose.
The Sun and the Moon
His statement, “and the sun and the moon”: this is the fourth means by which the direction of the qiblah may be determined. Both the sun and the moon rise in the east and set in the west. Thus, if you are west of the Ka‘bah, the qiblah is east; if you are east of the Ka‘bah, the qiblah is west; if you are north of the Ka‘bah, the qiblah is south; and if you are south of the Ka‘bah, the qiblah is north. “What lies between the east and the west is qiblah,” as the Prophet (1) said. This applies to the people of Madinah and those in comparable locations.
(1) Reported by al-Tirmidhi, Abwab al-Salah, “Chapter: What Has Been Related Regarding the Qiblah Being between East and West,” no. 344; and by al-Tabarani in al-Awsat, nos. 794 and 9140, through Abdullah ibn Jafar al-Makhrami, from Uthman ibn Muhammad al-Akhnasi, from Said al-Maqburi, from Abu Hurayrah, from the Prophet, who said: “What lies between east and west is qiblah (the direction of prayer).”
Al-Tirmidhi said: “This is a sound, authentic hadith.”
Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal said: “It has no isnad (chain of transmission).” On another occasion, he said: “It is not strong.”
Abu Dawud said: Ahmad meant by his statement, “It has no isnad,” that Uthman al-Akhnasi is problematic, because his hadith contains munkar (denounced) reports. Masa'il Abi Dawud, p. 300.
Ibn Rajab said: This means that there is weakness in its chains of transmission. Al-Akhnasi was declared trustworthy by Ibn Ma'in and others. Al-Makhrami was narrated from by Muslim, while Ibn al-Madini said: “He narrated objectionable reports.” Fath al-Bari, 2:289-290.
Al-Tirmidhi also reported it at the cited location, no. 342, and Ibn Majah, Kitab Iqamat al-Salah, “Chapter on the Qiblah,” no. 1011, through Abu Mashar, from Muhammad ibn Umar, from Abu Salamah, from Abu Hurayrah, attributing it to the Prophet.
Al-Nasai said: “It is munkar (denounced).” Al-Sunan, 4:171-172.
It also has a corroborating narration from Ibn Umar, reported by al-Daraqutni, 1:271; al-Hakim, 1:206; and al-Bayhaqi, 2:9, through Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Mujabbir, from Nafi, from Ibn Umar, attributing it to the Prophet.
Abu Zurah said: “This is an error; the hadith is Ibn Umar's statement, mawquf (not attributed to the Prophet).” Al-Ilal by Ibn Abi Hatim, 1:184, no. 528.
Al-Daraqutni, 1:271; al-Ilal by al-Daraqutni, 2:32; and al-Hakim, 1:205, also reported it through Ubayd Allah ibn Umar, from Nafi, with the same wording.
However, its attribution to the Prophet is not authentic according to al-Daraqutni, al-Bayhaqi, and other hadith authorities.
Nevertheless, this meaning is authentically established as a statement of Umar ibn al-Khattab, as Imam Ahmad said. It was also reported from Uthman, Ali, Ibn Umar, Ibn Abbas, and other Companions.
Ibn Rajab said: “No contrary view is known from any Companion.”