and men generally do not know whether their mother, sister, paternal aunt, or grandmother is menstruating; rather, it is women who are aware of this. You will find that a woman knows that another woman is menstruating.
Testimony concerning menstruation is needed when a woman claims that her waiting period has ended within such a short time that it is unlikely for the waiting period to have ended in that length of time. In that case, evidence is needed from someone who testifies that her waiting period ended through menstruation.
His statement, “and childbirth”: women are likewise generally the only ones aware of childbirth. For example, a woman may claim that she gave birth and miscarried, while her husband denies it. If she brings a woman who testifies that she miscarried a child, the testimony of one woman is accepted.
His statement, “and breastfeeding”: this is where a woman testifies that this child nursed from a particular woman five times. The testimony of one woman is accepted, even when it concerns her own act. Thus, if a woman testifies that she breastfed so-and-so, her testimony is accepted.
His statement, “and the newborn’s cry”: that is, the newborn’s crying out. Thus, if a woman claims that the child cried at birth, while someone else denies it, and she brings a woman who testifies to this, her testimony is accepted. An example is a woman whose husband dies while she is pregnant, and whose husband has a full brother. She then gives birth to a boy. If the child cries at birth, he excludes the full brother from inheritance; but if he does not cry, the full brother inherits as a residuary heir. If the child cries, the wife receives one eighth and the newborn receives the remainder; then she inherits from him in turn, since she is his mother. But if he does not cry, the wife receives one fourth and the remainder goes to the full brother, who is the fetus’s paternal uncle. Thus, if she brings a woman who testifies that this child cried when he emerged from his mother’s womb, the testimony is accepted and the child inherits.