His words, “and resumption of marriage”: the same applies to resumption of marriage. It is the return of a divorced woman to the marriage bond, and it applies in the first and second divorces, not the third; nor does it apply to a divorce in exchange for compensation, or to annulment because of a defect. It therefore applies only to a divorce by which the full number of divorces has not been exhausted.
His words, “and khulʿ”: this is the separation of a wife in return for compensation from her or someone else, and two men suffice to establish it.
His words, “such as marriage, divorce, resumption of marriage, khulʿ, lineage, clientage, and appointment as an executor”: that is, in matters other than property, two men are accepted. The author gives numerous examples because of the importance of the matter. Marriage is neither a punishment nor property, nor is it intended to secure property, and men ordinarily witness it. The same applies to divorce, resumption of marriage, and khulʿ. This is the view followed by the author, although some scholars hold that divorce and resumption of marriage are matters ordinarily witnessed by women.
His words, “and lineage”: lineage means kinship—the connection between two people through birth. Brotherhood is lineage, fatherhood is lineage, motherhood is lineage, and unclehood is lineage. Thus, if a man says, “This is my son,” claiming that he is his son when the child has no known lineage, this man’s claim is not accepted unless it is supported by two male witnesses. This is because lineage is neither property nor a punishment, nor is it intended to secure property, and men ordinarily witness it.
His words, “and clientage”: clientage results from manumission. If a person frees an enslaved person, that person’s clientage belongs to him. Thus, if someone claims the clientage of this freed person, saying, “The clientage of this freed person belongs to me,” and the freed person has no known patron, what do we say to this claimant? We say: Bring two men to testify that the clientage belongs to you; then it shall belong to you.