His statement, “or who waylaid him”: waylaying consists of confronting people with weapons, whether in the open country or in a town, in order to seize their property by force and openly, rather than by theft. Such people are highway robbers. In former times, in the desert, they would lie in wait for people on the roads and then openly seize their wealth by force. If someone resisted, they might kill him. We have previously explained the prescribed punishment that Allah, Most High, has imposed upon them. Thus, if a man testifies against someone who waylaid him, we say that his testimony is not accepted because of the suspicion of bias. But, as we have mentioned, if the person is upright and exceptionally distinguished in uprightness, such that he could only testify to the truth, then his testimony is accepted. The author’s words, “such as one who testifies,” use the letter kāf for comparison; accordingly, what he mentioned is an example, not an exhaustive list.
He then clarifies the criterion of enmity: “Whoever is pleased by a person’s misfortune or distressed by his happiness is his enemy.” This statement serves as a criterion for defining enmity, on the condition that it concerns a particular person: when something pleasing happens to that person, it upsets the other, and when he is happy, the other is distressed. It does not mean that this is a person’s habitual attitude toward everyone; for if it did, the testimony of an envious person would not be accepted, since the envious person—may Allah protect us from envy—is pleased by people’s misfortunes and distressed by their happiness. As Allah, Most High, says:
“Or do they envy people for what Allah has given them of His bounty?” [al-Nisa’ 4:54]
And He, Most High, says:
“Do not wish for that by which Allah has made some of you excel others.” [al-Nisa’ 4:32]
Many people—may Allah protect us—have hearts filled with envy. When people are afflicted by something that displeases them, even though he has no connection with them, he is pleased; and when something joyful happens to them, he