them when questioned about it. Otherwise, Allah—Mighty and Majestic—is says: “And bring to witness two witnesses from among your men” [al-Baqarah 2:282], and these are among our men; and: “And bring to witness two just men from among you” [al-Talaq 2:2], and these are among those who are upright. This applies whether we say that uprightness means soundness in religion and dignified conduct in general, or that uprightness means uprightness in the particular testimony in question, as Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah—may Allah have mercy on him—stated.
Thus, if this father is outstanding in uprightness, such that it is impossible for him to testify for his son except to what is factually true—and we know this from his circumstances—we say: this man is upright with respect to this testimony, for he is not under suspicion. Therefore, each case must be considered individually, especially when there are indications supporting what they have testified to; this is then light upon light.
According to this view, do we take acceptance or rejection as the default? If we say that acceptance is the default, we do not reject their testimony unless we know that there is suspicion. If we say that rejection is the default, we prevent their testimony unless there is a strong indication—namely, that the person is outstanding in uprightness, such that he testifies only to what is true. It appears that suspicion is the default, especially in our present time. Accordingly, we say: if it is established that he is outstanding in uprightness and that he can testify only to the truth, then his testimony is accepted.
Is testimony against ascendants and descendants accepted? Yes, testimony against them is accepted by the explicit text of the Quran. Allah, Most High, says: “O you who believe, stand firmly for justice as witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves, your parents, or your relatives” [al-Nisa' 4:135]. There is no difficulty in this, because suspicion is generally absent. Nevertheless, a person may falsely testify against his son—for example, if there is a misunderstanding, a dispute, and intense enmity between him and his child—and testify against him.